Orchidaceae

The family of the Orchidacées ( Orchidaceae ) is very an big family of plants Monocotylédone S. It is the second vegetable family more various (after the Asteraceae), with more 25  000 Species S divided into 850 kind S.

It is of the herbaceous plants, of various type, Autotrophe S or Saprophyte S, with sheets reduced to scales or developed, terrestrial or épiphyte S, perennial, rhizomateuses or tuberoses, cold areas with tropical. The Symbiosis, that it is of autotrophie type, saprophie even parasitism, is done with a microscopic mushroom which enables him to mitigate at the same time the absence of any reserve in seed, and the absence of rootlets on the level of the roots. It is a largely widespread family but one meets the maximum of species in tropical areas.

The phylogenetic classification locates today this family in the order of the Asparagales .

General description

The name Orchidée comes from the Greek orchis who means testicle in reference to the form of the Pseudobulbe S of certain terrestrial orchises of the moderate areas. According to the authors, the number of botanical species in this family varies 25  000 with 30  000. These figures do of it one of the most important families of plants with flowers, which practically colonized all the mediums, except for the deserts. This family is also particularly interesting because it seems to be one of most recent on the scale of the evolution: it in particular developed characteristics making this family of plants extremely sparing in resources: reduction of the number of cheesecloths, symbiosis with a mushroom, etc…

Study and Employment

The study of the particular morphology of the flowers of orchises, of the relations which these plants maintain with the insects, nourished besides at the XIXe century the reflections of Charles Darwin and, partly, allowed him to establish its ideal model of the evolution.

Culture and Marketing

Mainly of Tropical origin , these plants, with the attractive beauty and the delicate conservation, was the object, on behalf of rich person amateurs, at the time of the expansion of the European colonial empires, of a particular passion. Since, a better knowledge of their ecology, Symbiosis which links them with certain mushrooms specific of the kind Rhizoctonia during the development of the embryo S, the development of culture media adapted (sterile), as well as the creation of less fragile horticultural hybrids, democratized their culture. Besides the very great genetic variability of the orchises, source of the natural wealth in cash of this taxon, lends it to an artificial hybridization: more 100  000 Hybrid S horticultural created since the development of methods of culture.

Food

Very few orchises are used in the food. One raises however the vanilla kind, whose pod is the Vanille, or the Faham (Jumellea fragrans) entering the clothes industry of arranged rum.

Characteristics

The growth of the orchises is either Sympodiale (Rhizome emitting growths in several directions), or Monopodiale (only one growth).

Many tropical orchises are épiphyte S, adapted to the shade reigning in the tropical forest. They present stems thickened to their base in pseudobulbes with roots often presenting a Vélamen (veil of rootlets able to collect the humidity of the atmosphere).

Epiphytes or terrestrial, the orchises are adapted to difficult mediums, that very often the Symbiose with mushrooms makes it possible to exploit. This specificity enables them to colonize mediums relatively not very occupied by other species. Plants with Entomophilous pollination , a great part of them show relations between narrow dependence and specific pollinating insects going until strategies of visual, olfactive and sexual lures.

These specialized relations make of them species particularly threatened in the event of brutal disturbances their environmental conditions.

The seeds of the orchises are very small sizes and are produced in very great number, in this way they can be easily transported by the wind. In fact, their seeds are so small that they do not have the sufficient nutritive reserves to generate the termination. Sugars must be provided by a symbiotic mushroom in order to make it possible the germ to develop in Protocorme then in seedling.

Systematic

From a Systematic point of view, the orchises comprise 3 definitely differentiated evolutionary lines which are regarded by certain authors as distinct families:
  • Apostasiacées with a score of species in 3 kinds originating in Southeast Asia or Australia which shows to the level of the flowers primitive characteristics (Sépale S and similar Pétale S, not of labelle differentiated, 3 fertile cheesecloth S and pulverulent Pollen) which shows their proximity with the model of flower of the Liliacée S from which all the orchises would derive.
  • Cypripédiacée S with a hundred species in 4 kinds whose flowers present this time a labelle in the shape of shoe (it is the case of the Sabot of Venus pertaining to the only European kind of this family Cypripedium ), two cheesecloth S side fertile and of the Pollen granulous. This (under) family is sometimes regarded as an intermediate evolutionary stage between Apostasiacée and “true” Orchidacées.
These two lines are sometimes regarded as two subfamilies of the last line:
  • Orchidacées in a strict sense with several tens of thousands of species whose flowers present:
* a labelle differentiated, higher petal having undergone a morphological differentiation.
* sexuées parts welded in a column called Gynostème including/understanding only one fertile cheesecloth with the grains of Pollen joined together in Pollinie S separate of the 2 fertile marks by the rostellum,
* a Ovary infère, most of the time, having undergone a torsion with 180 degrees (Résupination), allowing the labelle to be in lower position. This last line is sometimes broken up into 3 subfamilies:
*les Spiranthoïdées,
*les Orchidioïdées, to which belong the majority of the European Orchises
*les Epidendroïdées

A selection of kinds throughout the world

Acampe ; Acanthephippium ; Acriopsis ; Adenoncos ; Aerangis ; Aeranthes ; Aerides ; Agrostophyllum ; Anoechtochilus ; Anacamptis ; Angraecum ; Anguloa ; Anthogonium ; Aphyllorchis ; Appendicula ; Arachnis ; Arundina ; Ascocentrum ; Barkeria ; Bletilla ; Brassavola ; Bulbophyllum ; Calypso ; Catasetum ; Cattleya ; Cirrhopetalum ; Coelogyne ; Cymbidium ; Cypripedium ; Dactylorhiza ; Dendrobium ; DISA ; Dracula ; Encyclia ; Epidendrum ; Epipogium ; Epipactis ; Eria ; Eulophia ; Gennaria ; Gongora ; Goodyera ; Gramatophyllum ; Gymnadenia ; Habenaria ; Herschelia ; Jumellea ; Laelia ; Lapanthes ; Liparis ; Will list ; Lycaste ; Masdevallia ; Maxillaria ; Miltonia ; Mormodes ; Neofinetia ; Odontoglossum ; Oncidium ; Ophrys ; Orchis ; Paphinia ; Paphiopedilum ; Peristeria ; Phalaenopsis ; Phragmipedium ; Platanthera ; Pleione ; Pleurothallis ; Ponerorchis ; Renanthera ; Restrepia ; Rhynchostylis ; Saccolabium ; Sarcochilus ; Satyrium ; Selenipedium ; Serapias ; Sophronitis ; Spathoglottis ; Spiranthes ; Stanhopea ; Stelis ; Sorted ; Trichoglottis ; Vanda ; Vanilla ; Zeuxine ; Zygopetalum .

Principal species met in France

  • Dactylorhiza

    • section of D. incarnata
      • Dactylorhiza incarnata subsp. incarnata (L.) Soó Orchis incarnates
      • Dactylorhiza incarnata subsp. pulchella (Druce) Soó gracious Orchis
      • Dactylorhiza ochroleuca (Wustnei ex Boll) pale Holub yellow Orchis
      • Dactylorhiza cruenta (Muller) red Soó Orchis blood
    • section of D. maculata
      • Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. maculata (L.) Soó Orchis mottled, Orchis mackled
      • Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. elodes (Grisebach) Soó Orchis of the peat bogs
      • Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. ericetorum (Linton) Hunt & Summerhayes Orchis of the heathers
      • Dactylorhiza sudetica (Poch ex Reichenbach wire.) Averyanov Orchis of Sudètes
      • Dactylorhiza fuchsii subsp. fuchsii (Druce) Soó Orchis de Fuchs
      • Dactylorhiza fuchsii subsp. psychophila (Schlechter) Holub Orchis of the cold
      • Dactylorhiza will saccifera (Brongniart) Soó Orchis with bag
    • section of D. majalis
      • Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. majalis (Reichenbach) P.F. Hunt and Summerhayes Dactylorhiza of May, Orchis of May, Orchis with broad sheets
      • Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. alpestris (Pugsley) Alpine Senghas Orchis
      • Dactylorhiza angustata (Arvet-Touvet) Tyteca & Gathoye Orchis of Dauphine the
      • Dactylorhiza traunsteineri (To jump) Soó Orchis de Traunsteiner
      • Dactylorhiza lapponica (Laestad ex Reichenbach wire.) Soó Orchis of Lapland
      • Dactylorhiza brennensis (Nelson) Tyteca & Gathoye Orchis of Brenne
      • Dactylorhiza sphagnicola (Hoppner) Averyanov Orchis of the sphaignes
      • Dactylorhiza praetermissa subsp. praetermissa (Druce) Soó Orchis neglected
      • Dactylorhiza praetermissa subsp. integrata (Camus ex Fourcy) Soó Orchis with labelle entirety
      • Dactylorhiza occitanica Obstructed, Melki, Pain & Soca Orchis occitan
      • Dactylorhiza elata subsp. sesquipedalis (Willdenow) Soó high Orchis
    • section of D. sambucina

  • Epipactis

    • Epipactis atrorubens (Hoffm.) Besser Épipactis crimson noirâtre
    • Epipactis distans Arvet-Touvet Épipactis with isolated sheets
    • Epipactis fibri Scappaticci & Robatsch Épipactis of the beaver
    • Epipactis helleborine subsp. helleborine (L.) Crantz Épipactis with broad sheets
    • Epipactis helleborine subsp. minor (Engel) Engel
    • Epipactis helleborine subsp. neerlandica (Vermeuleun) Buttler Épipactis of the Netherlands
    • Epipactis helleborine subsp. tremolsii (Pau) Klein Épipactis de Tremols
    • Epipactis leptochila (Godfery) Godfery Épipactis with labelle narrow
    • Epipactis microphylla (Ehrhart) Swartz Épipactis with small sheets
    • Epipactis muelleri Godfery Épipactis de Muller
    • Epipactis palustris (L.) Crantz Épipactis of the marshes, Helleborine of the marshes
    • Epipactis will parviflora (Nieschalk) Klein Épipactis with small flowers
    • Epipactis phyllanthes Smith Épipactis with hanging flowers
    • Epipactis placentina Bongiorni & Grunanger Épipactis de Plaisance
    • Epipactis provincialis Aubenas & Robatsch Épipactis of Provence
    • Epipactis purpurata Smith Épipactis purplished
    • Epipactis rhodanensis Gévaudan & Robatsch Épipactis of the Rhone
  • Epipogium
  • Gennaria
  • Goodyera
    • Goodyera repens (L.) R. Br. Goodyère crawling
  • Gymnadenia
    • Gymnadenia conopsea (L.) R. Br., Orchis midge
    • Gymnadenia odoratissima (L.) L.C. Mr. Richard, odorous Orchis
  • Hammarbya
    • Hammarbya paludosa (L.) Kuntze Malaxis of the marshes, Malaxis with two sheets
  • Herminium
  • Himantoglossum
  • Jumellea
  • Limodorum
  • Liparis
  • Will list
    • Listera cordata (L.) R. Br., Listère with sheets in heart, Listère in heart
    • Will list ovata (L.) R. Br. Listère with oval sheets, oval Listère
  • Neotinea
    • Neotinea maculata (Desf.) Stern intact Orchis
    • Neotinea ustulata subsp. ustulata (in the past Orchis ustulata subsp. ustulata L.) Orchis flaring
    • 'Neotinea ustulata subsp. aestivalis , in the past Orchis ustulata subsp. aestivalis (Kumpel) Kumpel & Mrkvicka Orchis flaring of summer
  • Neottia
  • Nigritella
    • Nigritella rhellicani Teppner & Klein, Nigritelle black, Orchis vanilla, Nigritelle de Rellikon
    • Nigritella gabasiana Teppner & Klein, Nigritelle de Gabas
    • Nigritella austriaca (Teppner & Klein) P. Delforge, Nigritelle of Austria
    • Nigritella corneliana (Beauverd) Golz & Reinhard, Nigritelle de Cornelia, pink Nigritelle
  • Ophrys
    • Ophrys will apifera Hudson Ophrys bee
    • Ophrys will insectifera L. Ophrys fly
    • Ophrys aymoninii (Breistroffer) Buttler Ophrys of Aymonin
    • Ophrys will bombiliflora Link Ophrys bombyx
    • Ophrys will tenthredinifera Willdenow Ophrys wasp, Ophrys tenthrède
    • Ophrys ciliata Bivona-Bernardi Ophrys mirror
    • section of the fusca-lutea
      • Ophrys iricolor Desfontaines Ophrys of Eleonore
      • aggregate fusca
      • aggregate lutea
        • Ophrys lutea Cavanilles yellow Ophrys
        • Ophrys sicula Tineo Ophrys of Sicily
    • section of the fuciflora-scolopax
      • aggregate will fuciflora
        • Ophrys will fuciflora subsp. elatior (Gumprecht Ex H.F. Paulus) Engel & Quentin high Ophrys
        • Ophrys will fuciflora subsp. (F.W will fuciflora. Schmidt) Moench Ophrys bumblebee, Ophrys Frelon
        • Ophrys will fuciflora subsp. annae (J. & P. Devillers-Terschuren) Engel & Quentin Ophrys of Anne
      • aggregate scopolax
        • Ophrys conradiae Melki & Deschatres Ophrys of Mrs Conrad
        • Ophrys santonica J.M. Mathé & Melki Ophrys of Saintonge
        • Ophrys scopolax Cavanilles Ophrys woodcock
    • section of the sphegodes-arachnitiformis
      • Ophrys morisii (the shapes with green perianth)
      • Ophrys araneola Reichenbach Ophrys small spider, litigious Ophrys
      • Ophrys virescens (Philippe ex Grenier)
      • Ophrys provincialis (H. Baumann & Kunkele) Paulus Ophrys of Provence
      • Ophrys sphegodes Miller Ophrys spider
      • Ophrys incubacea Bianca black Ophrys
      • Ophrys passionis Sennen ex J. & P. Devillers-Terschuren Ophrys of Passion
      • Ophrys arachnitiformis Attic & Philippe Ophrys in the shape of spider
      • Ophrys aveyronensis (J.J. Wood) P. Delforge Ophrys of Aveyron
      • Ophrys morisii (Martelli) Soo Ophrys of Moris
      • Ophrys splendida Golz & Reinhard Ophrys shining
      • Ophrys panormitana subsp. praecox (B. Corrias) Paulus & Gack early Ophrys
      • Ophrys arachnitiformis (the shapes with white perianth with pink)
    • section of the bertolonii
      • Ophrys will magniflora Geniez & Melki Ophrys with large flowers
      • Ophrys catalaunica O. & E. Danesch Ophrys of Catalonia
      • Ophrys aurelia P. Delforge & P. Devillers-Terschuren Ophrys aurélien
      • Ophrys drumana P. Delforge Ophrys of Drome
  • Orchis Some orchis are since 1997 in the kinds Anacamptis and Neotinea

    • Orchis papilionacea subsp. papilionacea L. Orchis butterfly

    • Orchis papilionacea subsp. expansa (Tenore) Large Raynaud orchis butterfly
    • Orchis collina Banks & Solander Orchis of the hills, Orchis with purse (disappeared?)
    • Orchis spitzelii To jump ex Koch Orchis de Spitzel
    • aggregate Orchis morio , classified since 1997 in the kind Anacamptis
      • Orchis morio subsp. morio L. or Anacamptis morio subsp. morio (Hunting 1997), Orchis buffoon, Soup with wine, Insane female, Damette
      • Orchis morio subsp. picta (Loiseleur) Richter or Anacamptis morio subsp. picta] (Hunting 1997), Orchis painted
      • Orchis champagneuxii (Barnéoud) or Anacamtis champagneuxii (Hunting 1997), Orchis de Champagneux
      • Orchis longicornu (Poiret) or Anacamptis longicornu (Hunting 1997), Orchis with long spur
    • aggregate Orchis will laxiflora , classified since 1997 in the kind Anacamptis
    • aggregate Orchis mascula
      • Orchis mascula subsp. mascula (L.) L. Satyrion male, male Orchis
      • Orchis mascula subsp. (Koch) will acutiflora Quentin
      • Orchis olbiensis Reuter in Ardoino Orchis d' Hyères
      • Orchis langei Richter Orchis de Lange, Orchis of Spain
      • Orchis pallens L. Orchis pale
      • Orchis will pauciflora Tenore Orchis with flowers very few
      • Orchis provincialis Balbis Orchis of Provence
    • section Orchis will coriophora , classified since 1997 in the kind Anacamptis
      • Orchis will coriophora subsp. L will coriophora. or Anacamptis will coriophora subsp. will coriophora , Orchis bug, stinking Orchis
      • Orchis will coriophora subsp. fragrans (Pollini) Richter or Anacamptis will coriophora subsp. fragrans (Hunting 1997) Orchis scented
      • Orchis will coriophora subsp. martrinii (Timbal-Lagrave) Nyman or Anacamtis will coriophora subsp. martrinii (Hunting 1997) Orchis de Martrin
    • section O. militaris and O. ustulata
      • Orchis lactea Poiret Orchis color of milk, lacteous Orchis
      • Orchis conica conical Willdenow Orchis
      • Orchis militaris L. warlike Orchis, military Orchis, Orchis helmet
      • Orchis purpurea Hudson Orchis crimson, brown Orchis
      • Orchis simia Lamarck Orchis monkey
      • Orchis tridentata Scopoli tridentate Orchis, Orchis notched, Orchis with three teeth

Species met in North America

Horticultural hybrids

In addition to the botanical species and the Hybrid S natural, the world of the orchises comprises also innumerable commercial varieties, generally hybrid. Many is sold by using the kinds defined by the Taxonomie (cymbidium, phalaenopsis, etc) but there exist also denominations specific to the horticulturists to indicate the intergeneric hybrids (crossing between two close kinds in order to obtain an artificial kind). For example: Brassidium, Cambria, Laeliocattleya, etc The orchises have a single facility in the vegetable world to easily produce hybrids between species of different kinds. Moreover, these hybrids are often fertile.

Symbolic system

The Noces of orchis symbolize the 55 years of Mariage.

See too

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