Oran - SpeedyLook encyclopedia

Etymology

Its name, Wahran , Arab loan with the Berber , meaning “the two lions”, whose Oran is the European transcription, refers to the Lions which lived in the Montagne of the lions to a few kilometers of the city. It would have been given by Sidi Maakoud Al Mahaji and Sidi Khrouti Bel Mekssoud Al Mahaji, old hunters of Lions. There exists in particular, in reference at the origin of the name, in front of the current town hall of Oran two large statues representing two large lions. The name Oran will appear for the first time in a portulan génois in 1384. Oran carried before also the name Ifri which means into Berber literally “the cave”.

History

Oran, by its situation on the the Mediterranean vis-a-vis the Spain, near to Carthagène and Almería, is born about the year 900 from our era. Small village what attends the Andalusian sailors, emissary Omeyyades of Cordoue, it offers especially a refuge to the smugglers and to the pirates.

Prehistoric period and antiquity

The site of Oran was a prehistoric site highlighted by archaeological excavations undertaken at. Traces going back to at least 100.000 years were raised. Caves of palelolithic and Neolithic era were highlighted. The caves of Cuartel, of Kouchet El Djir and those of the careers of Eckmühl, known as shelter Alain, were the places where were carried out excavations undertaken by François Doumergue and Paul Pallary in 1892. Many archaeological parts were collected of which certain are deposited with the museum Ahmed Zabana, like a stratigraphic block and a multitude of tools made up of smoothing tools, polished axes, plates, knives… The majority of the sites, classified in addition, today disappeared by the extension from the careers and the precarious habitat.

Several sites were listed in the surroundings of Oran. They reveal a presence Punique and Romaine in particular. The punic period before J. - C) materializes by the immense necropolis of Andalusian, and the supply of much of objects of craft industry, (vases, cuts, ballot boxes…). These sites were revealed at the time of the enlarging of the tourist area of the beach of Andalusian the to 30 km in the west of Oran. Many of other objects are collected regularly nowadays in the areas bordering on Bousfer and that on El Ançor. This area provided many mosaics and statues as those which one can see with the Museum Ahmed Zabana (Poséidon, Hercules, Bacchus, Apollon).

Islamic period

Between 910 and 1082, Oran becomes a perpetual object of conflict between Omeyyades of Spain and Fatimide S of Kairouan. The city passes under domination of the Almoravides, dynasty Berbères originating in the current Mauritania, until in 1145, when the sultan Ibrahim Ben Tachfin perishes there while fighting against the already victorious troops Almohades in front of Tlemcen. The presence of the Almohades is marked since 1147 by the beginning of persecutions against the Juifs of Oran. The empire which has dominated the the Maghreb for several decades émiette little by little for finally given rise to more local dynasties in 1238, the Zianides of Tlemcen then Mérinides of Fes until in 1509. In 1287, first arrival of the Jewish of Majorque in Oran.

The protection of the emir, the customs system (tariffs), trade with Marseilles, and the Italian republics of Genoa and Venice, with which Oran signs in 1250 a commercial treaty, for one forty years duration, make of Oran a prosperous city, so much so that towards the end of the 14th century celebrates it Moslem historian Ibn Khaldoun described it as follows: “Oran is higher than all the other cities by its trade. It is the paradise of the unhappy one. That which arrives poor in its walls sets out again about it rich”. The city excels indeed in the export of lead, wool, the skins, the fine burnous, the carpets, the haïks, cumin, nuts gall, but also the treats black slaves. Let us note that the Mérinides, which reign on the kingdom of Grenade and the Morocco, hardly occupy part of the Algérie more far from Oran. The reign of these Moslem dynasties démentèle gradually by the Spanish offensives at the beginning of the 16th century.

Spanish period

We are at the beginning of the 16th century. In July 1501, well before the Spanish , the Portuguese launches a forwarding to try to accost on the beach of Andalusian the. It will be necessary to await the unloading of Seas-el-Kébir, in 1505, to see the Spain engaging in the first forwarding organized against Oran. The city counted six thousand fires then, that is to say approximately twenty-five thousand inhabitants. The catch of the city by the army of the cardinal Francisco Jiménes de Cisneros ordered by Pedro Navarro, is effective the May 17th 1509. In 1554, the governor count d' Alcaudete made alliance with the Moroccan sultan Mohammed ech-Sheik against the Turks then installed with Algiers, and manages to still maintain the presence Spanish.

The Spanish carried out work of restoration of the fortress intended to place the governors of the city. “The fortifications of the place were composed of a continuous enclosure, surmounted strong towers spaced between them, of the castle itself, or kasbah”. The Spanish governor “will establish his general headquarter in this keep”. Long of more than two kilometers and half, these fortifications included/understood many forts, bastions and turn-watchtowers. At the 16th century, the Spaniards thus make of Oran a fortified town and build a prison on a rocky outcrop meadows of the roads of Mers El Kebir. This place was populated by many monkeys ( los monos in Spanish) which gave its name to the fortress, Spanish deportees locked up with Mona could see their families once per annum, Sunday of barrel. In 1563, Gift Álvarez de Bazán there Silva, marquis de Santa-Cruz, made build at the top of the peak of Aïdour, of the fort of Santa-Cruz.

The Juifs are expelled out of Oran by the Spanish as from 1669. In spite of these fortifications, the city was the object of ceaseless attacks to the foot even of the ramparts. Thus in 1707 Moulay Ismaïl, Sultan of the Morocco having tried to force defense, sees its decimated army. The city consequently, knows a continuous growth: it should gain space and air. She will want to make burst the unbearable stone corset which chokes it. The demolition of the walls is led to of course several years. The Door of Santon Bab El-Hamra (old garden weldsford) is built in 1745. In 1770, Oran is a town of 532 particular houses and 42 buildings, a population of 2.317 middle-class men and 2.821 deportees free are delivered to the trade.

Othoman period

The Spanish remain Masters of the city until in 1708; they are driven out by it by the Turkish Bey Mustapha Ben Youssef, said Bouchelaghem. The Turks remained during 24 years what allowed the return of exiled the Juifs. In 1732 the Spaniards return in force to re-occupy Seas-el-Kébir with the armada of the duke of Montemar after the gained victory with Ain-el-Turck.

October 1790 will plunge, in a striking down way, the town of Oran in desolation and mourning. In the night of the 8 to the 9, a violent one seism made more than three thousand victims in less than seven minutes. Following this terrible event, the king of Spain Charles IV did not see any more the interest to occupy Oran, which became increasingly expensive and perilous; he starts discussions which will last more than one year with the Bey of Algiers. A treaty is signed the September 12th 1792. After a long seat and a new earthquake which disorganizes Spanish defenses, the bey Mohamed Ben Othman, known as Mohamed El Kébir, takes possession of Oran the October 8th of the same year. And granted various favors to the Juifs so that they are reinstalled in Oran. In 1794, pilgrims come from Mecque bring a new epidemic of plague and the city becomes again practically deserted.

In 1796, the Mosque of the Pasha, mosque known as Pasha in the honor of Hassan Pasha, Dey of Algiers, is built by the Turks with the money coming from the repurchase of the Spanish prisoners, after the final departure of the latter. Until 1830, the Beys made of Oran their capital to the detriment of Mascara.

French period

the city of: 10000 inhabitants is still possession of the Sublime Door (Ottoman Empire) when a squadron under the orders of the captain of Bourmand seizes Seas-el-Kébir, the December 14th 1830.

1831 : after the arrival of the French, the community Juive includes/understands 3531 people (and in the city, one counts only 750 Chrétiens and 250 Musulmans). Many Juifs is delivered to the trade. The Bacri-Busnach house which had obtained the monopoly of the trade of cereals in all Regency, extends its privilege to the port of Oran in 1801.

It is in a city in ruin and poor wretch, populated: 2750 hearts, that, on January 4th, 1831, settle the French ordered by the general count Denys de Damrémont. As of September 1830, a police chief of the King, making function of mayor, is installed with Algiers. In September 1831, the general Berthezène names in Oran, with same attributions, Mr. Pujol, captain of cavalry in retirement, wounded with the right hand under the Empire. One of the first measurements of the military administration French was to make shave all the dwellings and other hovels which masked the sights of the dimension of the east, between New Château and the Fort Saint Philippe. One made in the same way, thereafter, for all the gourbis which, of the dimension of the Short-nap cloth El Ain, could support ambushes and to allow has attackers to slip to the ramparts of the city.

1832, with the head of five thousand men, a young Emir answering in the name of Abd El-Kader walk on Oran. According to one of the many legends, it would seem that the Emir Abdelkader, in his search of truth, sought to know if the fact of making the war with French was an act of " Djihad". He had then asked his father mahiadine as has his grandfather, who was the sheik and spiritual leader of Zaouïa soufie (qadiria) of el guetna, for a fatwa. One then directed it towards the territories of the Al Mahaja tribes , only capable capacity to gather (40) forty to him Imâms to pronounce the fatwa. What was made. The forty Imams until the current hour are buried with the cemetery of the village Me Cid. Of or the Al name Mahaja " Forty chéchias" what wants to say the forty (Goubbas), Its ascent goes back to Idrisside, the family is known then under the name of Al Mahaja, like wants it the family tradition . In the administrative state Division of the Emir Abdelkader, Mascara is the first capital, first Khalifa of the district of Mascara, It was Mohamed Benfreha Al Mahaji.

In April 1833: following a disagreement with the Duke of Rovigo, commander-in-chief, the Général Boyer, which has just removed Arzew, Oran leaves and is replaced by the baron Louis Alexis Desmichels. The city, attacked by Abd el Kader, holds good.

1834 : This treaty caused conflict, the tribes of the Zmalas and Douairs refusing to pay the Zakât (Achoura) with the emir Abd el-Kader. It led to the agreement of the camp of the Fig trees ( El Kerma ) the June 16th 1834, between Aghas Mustapha Ben Ismaiel, Kadour Ben El Morfy and Benaouda Mazari on a side, and the general Camille Alphonse Trézel of the other. According to the old ones, the Oranians cursed Zmalas and Douairs ( allah yan' aal zmalas OAU douairs wine my tlakou ). Aghalif of the Zmalas includes two tribes: the Zmalas known as Hamianes which live in the areas of El-Melah, El Amria, Douar Jadis, Hassi El Ghella and Ouled Chentouf. The second tribe fixed in the area of Hammam Bouhadjar, Douar Tamezougha, Sebbah Wadi, Douar Djaafra, Douar Tenzet, Douar Mefathia and Douar Chaiba. Berber time (Mérinides) and during the French occupation , this tribe was divided into two groups: Tenazet in the east and the Meftah in the west.

Among the tribes which lived in Oran, El Gherabas (Ahl Me hamed), called also at that time Hemianes, resulting from the area located between Douar Glenza, Sig, Douar Oggaz, Bugeaud]] unloads in Oran to negotiate a new treaty (it [[convention of Tafna]], [[May 20th]]) with [[Emir Abdelkader]]. [[November 14th]], it [[Emir Abdelkader]] sign a treaty with Desmichel, which recognizes its authority on the west of [[Algeria]], except Oran, [[Mostaganem]] and [[Arzew]]. * [[1840]]: [[General Lamoricière]] wanted to remove the accesses from the place [[Kléber]] of the indigenous dwellings, because the old city was regarded as a district [[European]]. {{refnec|It then fixes this floating mass originating in the tribes of Al Mahaja}}, [[El Gherabas]], [[El Ghoualem]] and [[Zmalas]]. [[1845]], to the Village of the djalis located on a site asserted by the field the glasses enter [[Saint-Andrew]], the cemetery [[Jewish]] and that of [[Sidi Bachir]]. [[general Lamoricière]] created the first district of Oran mainly inhabited by foreigners, proscribed, renegades and in particular the coloured men, from where name (Negro Village). It is in [[1887]] that the natives of the suburbs lived the district again, such tribes: [[El Gherabas]], [[El Ghoualem]], Al Mahaja And [[Zmalas]], the district became dined-Jdida Me (new city). This village constituted the principal center of agglomeration of [[Moslem]] [[Algerian]] in the town of Oran. * [[El Ghoualem]], Rappelons that its nickname of me rabet comes from the Arab (El Mourabitoun). Sidi Ghalem (me rabet), And of descent of [[Almoravide]], Which gave Naissance of the Tribute of [[El Ghoualem]], ([[Almoravide]] [[Berber]] of [[the Western Sahara]]) * [[1845]]: Baudens hospital, is the first military hospital built by [[French]] and opened with the public in [[1849]]. * [[1847]]: Following a dramatic dryness several months, a terrible cholera epidemic strikes and decimates a big part of the population of Oran. * From [[1848]]: Oran becomes prefecture of [[the department of Oran|homonymous department]]. Creation of the small basin of the Old port (four hectares). A civil hospital is built. * [[1849]]: Construction of the vault of the Virgin to protect itself from the cholera. * [[1856]]: creation of the Village [[Louremel]] ([[El Amria]]) by decree of the emperor [[Napoleon III]], the village [[European]] will take officially the name of [[Louremel]]. * The station of Oran was born by imperial decree. [[April 8th]] [[1857]] was born the railway line [[Algiers]] - Oran. * The members of the first general advice of Oran, named by the emperor [[Napoleon III]], meet it [[December 5th]] [[1858]] with the prefecture, with in the chair Jules of Pre of [[Saint-Maur]]. * [[1860]]: The construction of the Market hall called Gone and Places Karguentah (Place [[Zeddour Mohamed Brahim Kacem]]), It burned in [[1986]]. * [[1866]]: [[July 25th]], Creation of [[diocese of Oran]]. * [[1870]]: [[September 22nd]], [[Saint-Denis]] of [[Sig]] will become a commune of full exercise, which elected the first mayor. * [[1880]]: The House BASTOS, tobacco factory built towards [[1880]] has Oran. She is regarded as the first emergent industry in the city. Without forgetting the cement factory of [[Cado]], the first large factory of industry [[Oranian]]. * [[1880]]: Beginning of the construction of [[Large synagog of Oran]]. Oran knows a great extension starting from the place of Weapons. The ravine of the Rouina Wadi is filled. [[Synagog]] of Oran is on boulevard Maata (ex Joffre boulevard). This place of worship became, in [[1975]], the mosque [[Abdellah Ben Salem]], this one was a rich person [[Jewish]] médinois which converts with [[Islam]] and remained faithful has its new faith in [[God]] until the end of its life. The first Imam was [[sheik Zoubir Abdelkader]]. * [[1881]]: Appearance of the first slow trains trailed by two horses. * [[1886]]: Inauguration of the town hall. * [[1887]]: The college [[Pasteur]] opened its doors has Oran in [[1937]]. The college became so compared to the number of pupils, one of the largest colleges [[French]]. * [[1892]]: in the gardens of the orphanage of [[Misserghin]], the father [[Clement]] will recover the flowers of the tree and will make a sowing of them. [[Clementine]] was born. It will receive its official name in [[1902]] by the company [[of Algiers]] of agriculture. * [[1896]]: there were 15.524 [[Moroccan]] in [[Algeria]], the department of Oran gathered 11.820 .le number of [[Moroccan]] in the department of Oran in [[1936]] is of 19.902, of which 4.395 lived in the town of Oran. * [[1899]]: First electric trams serving the railway line known as (Bouyou-You) and which connected the town of Oran to the village of ([[Hammam Bouhadjar]]). * [[1900]]: The threshold of the 90.000 inhabitants is reached. * [[1903]] April: [[Kamile Loubet]] President of [[French Republic]] In visit with Oran. * [[1907]]: Construction of the theater. * [[1909]]: [[December 14th]], on a ground of [[Es-Senia]], [[Julien Serviès]] carries out the first resounding flight in [[Oranie]], with a monoplane Sommer. [[January 9th]] according to, a great meeting gathers forty thousand people, always with [[Es-Senia]], in the presence of [[Lyautey]]. * [[1912]]: Opening of the first free and modern Koranic school of [[Sheik Tayeb Al Mahaji]] (Zaouyet if Tayeb Al Mahaji) in Oran dined-Jdida Me (Tahtaha). After its death Friday [[October 17th]] [[1969]] it was buried with the cemetery Moul-Duma has Oran, it will bequeath a cultural heritage of great value whose works treat history, of linguistics and religious sciences. * [[1913]]: Opening to the worship of the cathedral of the Sacred Heart. * [[1920]]: Creation of the first club [[Moslem]] has Oran, Sporting union [[Moslem]] of Oran ([[USM Oran]]) and finalist of the cut of [[North Africa]] in [[1954]]. * [[1921]]: [[ACE Marine]] (Oran), is the first club of Oran Champion of [[North Africa]] of [[Football]], final Match it [[May 22nd]] [[1921]] face it [[FC Blida]]. * [[1925]]: [[Doctor Molle]] is elected mayor of Oran, and “is appointed anti-Jew”. * [[1927]]: One built towards the end of the year the twenty college [[Ardaillon]] now baptized ([[Ben Badis]]). * [[1930]]: Creation of new districts, less dense and more luxurious, completing the urbanization of the first crown, in its part directed towards the interior of the country; these districts are higher Gambetta, Warm welcome, them [[Beavers]], [[Médioni]], [[Baker]], [[Quoted Small]]… This development continues overall with the creation of districts even more sumptuous, overflowing the first crown (district of Saint-Hubert, Palm trees, Point of the Day, Gambetta…). * [[1930]] - [[1932]]: Oran- [[Es-Senia]] is the aerodrome used on which several world records of duration and distance in closed circuit are established. * [[1931]]: [[CDJ]]. Is the first club of victorious Oran of the cut of [[North Africa]] of [[Football]]. This cut east creates in [[1930]] under the aegis of [[FF]], this competition which takes for model the cut of [[France]] gathers many clubs of the five leagues of [[North Africa]]. [[CDJ]] ([[Club of the jokes]]) of the Derb district which plays [[stage of Calo]]. * [[1932]]: Beginning of the construction of a road skirting the Oranian cornice on the basis of the small handle of Strong Lamoune, in the past called (Bordj El-Houdi), circumventing the point above this headland, to gain with mountainside Sidi Hobby-horse-Youb, the roads and the fort of [[Seas El Kebir]], is more than six kilometers, of which 2 km 400 were cut in the rock. The road was completed in April [[1835]]. * [[1935]]: Construction by [[Vincent Monréal]] of the stage which bears its name, Appelé thereafter stage ([[Habib Bouakeul]]) * [[1935]] - [[1939]]: Djenane Djato a vast zone occupied by old orchards. As empty space between the districts of Me dined I was used dida, Lamur, and Medioni. It was free of any construction to the beginning of the year thirty, except a sheltering mausoleum fall it from Sidi Khrouti Bel Mekssoud Al Mahaji, the first construction was the civil prison of Oran. without forgetting the old prison of Oran which was called then Bab El Hamra located at the district the growers. * [[1937]]; (MÈDERSA EL-FALAH) El-Falah association was created under the aegis of [[Sheik El Miloud Al Mahaji]], this Work exciting and long-term was started by the construction of first free Medersa (El-Falah) of Medina I dida (Tahtaha) .mort it [[June 17th]] [[2001]], it was buries with the cemetery of Ain Beida has Oran. [[Sheik El Miloud Al Mahaji]], the first student of the Algerian west of the Sheik [[Ben Badis]] with [[Constantine]]. * [[1940]]: Beginning of the construction of the new prefecture. * School [[Avicenne]] ([[Ibn Sina]]), It is in the District [[Lyautey]] first school of the Arabs. * [[1940]]: [[July 3rd]], the French fleet of the Atlantic based with [[Seas el Kébir]], is bombarded by the British fleet, coming from Gibraltar, involving the loss of three battleships: the '' Dunkirk '', the '' Provence '' and the '' Brittany ''. Thousand two hundred sailors perish. * [[1941]]: [[January 14th]], It [[Nobel Prize]] of literature [[Albert Camus]] arrives has Oran with Francine Faure, the young Oranian which he will marry has [[Lyon]] in [[France]] with old 28 years, he settles now with his wife in an apartment lent by his Christiane mother-in-law on the Street of [[Arzew]] (currently [[Larbi Ben Me Hidi]]). * [[1941]]: the young people [[Jewish]] of Oran struck by the numerus clausus imposed by the Vichy government, leave the school [[French]]. [[Andre Benichou]] opens its famous private school or taught [[Albert Camus]]. * [[1942]]: [[November 8th]], prelude to the unloading in [[Italy]]; it is with the turn of [[British]] and [[the United States|Americans]] to unload with [[Arzew]] and on the beaches of Andalusian, the troops (petainists) of the mode of Vichy pro-allemandes, proceed has shootings starting from the batteries of gambetta. [[November 10th]], Oran capitulates, the commander-in-chief of the American troops was it [[general Eisenhower]]. The Year of the Goods (3am el boune), Chéragas inhabitants of the East of [[Oranie]] [[Mazouna]] and [[Relizane]], underwent the exodus towards the town of Oran. * [[1942]]: at the time of the unloading [[the United States|American]] with Oran, [[Blaoui El Houari]] it was engaged like pointer with the docks of the port. Without forgetting that [[Ahmed Zabana]] was the friend of childhood of the large sheik of the Oranian song, it will draw from the repertory of the old Oranais Bedouins. its Masters will be [[sheik el khaldi]], [[sheik Madani]] and [[Mostefa Ben Brahim]]. [[Blaoui El Houari]] itself a revolutionist who was imprisoned in prison which is located in a farm used today as concentration camp (firm Cola) [[SIG]] occupied by a factory of shoes, and this during the war of liberation ([[1954]] - [[1962]]). * [[1943]]: The El-Widad Coffee was creates by a group of nationalist militants in full center town [[European]] of Oran, This establishment will play an important part in the development of Algerian patriotism. With the wire of time, it becomes a center of regrouping of the various tendencies representative of the parties of the time. * [[1946]]: El-Jrad has Oran, in spring the sky darkens suddenly. A storm of grasshoppers falls down on the roofs, street on the trees and the green areas, all becomes black. (aame jrad) * [[1947]]: Oran became the city of the plague what inspired has [[Albert Camus]] its famous book (the plague), knowing that it is native of Mondovi, currently called Dréan city belonging to [[willaya]] of [[El-Taraf]] of the extreme Is [[Algerian]]. * [[1948]]: Dar El-Chakouri: Building of style hispano-Moorish of a great architectural beauty builds in [[1948]]. This institution was the house of the combatants [[Moslem]] (Dar El-Askri), soldiers of the army [[French]] released at the end of the second world war ([[1939-1945]]) It had an administrative service for the pensions, a service of social security, a service of the civil statue. * An event occurred in [[1948]], in Oran, which put at the catches the two communities [[Jewish]] and [[Moslem]]. It was the creation of the State of [[Israél]] by the United Nations. At the time of the celebration of Passover [[Jewish]], in April [[1948]] while leaving the cemetery, [[Jewish]] the New City. Brawls burst, making many victims. Since, this new situation generated a deep tear between the two communities of Oran. * [[1949]]: the construction of the sea front * [[1949]]: April, in a hotel of Oran “Hotel of Paris” [[Ahmed Ben Bella]], [[Hocine Has Ahmed]] two persons in charge of the bone of [[PPP]] in company of [[Hamou Boutlelis]] had prepared the attack of the post office of Oran. * [[1950]]: Oran counts {{formatnum: 256661}} inhabitants. The Oranian population originating in [[Spain]] is considered at 65% of the total of [[European]], themselves more than them [[Moslem]]. * The Large Casino, is This famous cinema which was reconverted in [[1950]] in garage for vehicles called it (GARAGE OF PEACE). * [[1952]]: the town of Oran is marked by deep changes of which most important was that of the water provision soft. Old project of the mayor of Oran, started by the abbot Lambert in the beginnings of the year forty, But it is under the authority of Mister [[Henri Fouquès-Duparc]], the mayor of Oran, which it was carried out. * [[1952]]: Opening of the School canteen by the mayor of Oran [[Henri Fouquès-Duparc]]. * [[1953]]: Opening of the Large Market [[Sidi Okba]] has to Me dini Jdida by the mayor of Oran [[Henri Fouquès-Duparc]]. * [[1954]]: martyrdom [[Ahmed Zabana]] (Zahana) a meeting with its group of combatants held during whom the missions were distributed and defined the objectives as well as the point of rallying in Djebel [[El Gaada]], has [[Ghar Boudjelida]] (cave of bald person mouse) suburbs of Oran which was the PC (headquarters) of the town of Oran during the revolution ([[Willaya]] [[v]]). * [[1954]]: the battle of [[Ghar Boudjelida]] has [[El Gaada]], it [[November 8th]] [[1954]] during which [[Ahmed Zabana]] (zahana) was captured by the enemy colonialist after being reached of two balls. [[Ahmed Zabana]] (Zahana) the first martyrdom which was transferred towards the prison Barberousse (Serkadji) to be guillotine. [[Ahmed Zabana]] (Zahana) {{refnec|Going down from the one of the Al Tribes Mahaja}}. * [[1954]]: [[November 2nd]] [[1954]], [[Zeddour Mohamed Brahim Kacem]] (wire of [[Sheik Tayeb Al Mahaji]]), one of the " cerveaux" Algerian revolution, was stopped by the forces of repression a few days only after its return of [[Egypt]], or it was student and at the same time one of the direct organizers of the nationalist movement in Caire.Il is the first martyrdom-student of the revolution. Indeed, He succumbed to [[Algiers]], a few days after his arrest, under torture by the agents of [[DST]]. If Kacem were buried in a common grave in the Christian cemetery of extremely-of-L' water now called ([[Bordj El Kiffan]]). * [[1954]]: opening of the municipal slaughter-houses on the industrial park of Saint-Hubert, One cut down the morning early the animals, bovines, sheep and goats intended for the consumption of the population [[Oranian]]. Without forgetting the oldest slaughter-houses of Oran located at the St-Eugene district. * [[1956]]: February, it [[Face of national release|FLN]] lance a watchword of strike, has Oran they are the dockers, in great majority of [[Moslem]], made up in a powerful trade union affiliated to the CGT WHICH gives the departure to the movement it [[February 2nd]] and decides to go in procession, of the city [[Arab]] to the prefecture. * [[1956]]: the prefect of Oran (Igame) Lambert carried out the closing of [[Médersa El-Falah]] which became a center of tortures and interrogation of the army [[French]] during the revolution. * [[1957]]: [[Hamou Boutlelis]] was removed by the soldiers [[French]] the day before his release after 8 years spent in prison because of its militancy within [[PPP]] and until our days one did not find his trace any more. [[Hamou Boutlelis]] native of Oran or he studied it [[coran]] with the zaouyet of [[Sheik Tayeb Al-Mahaji]], his family is originating in the tribe in [[Douar Me lata]] ([[El Ghoualem]]). * [[1957]]: [[Ahmed Wahbi]] (Driche Ahmed Tidjani), It rejoins the troop of [[the Face of national release|FLN]] with which it furrows the capitals of the socialist ex-block, of the majority of the countries [[Arab]] and of [[Asia]] ([[China]] in particular). In front of the djounouds of the camps of the borders Is, it sings (El Djoundi). After the independence of the country, it composes and records good number of its key works. * [[1958]]: Construction of the municipal stage baptized " [[Henri Fouquès-Duparc]] " , in the district [[Lyautey]] of a capacity forty-five thousand places. And the inauguration of the stage by a Great match of adverse official reception Real Madrid (ESP) - STAGE OF RHEIMS (FRA), Real Madrid is Champion of [[Europe]], Rheims east Champion of [[France]]. The municipal stage called thereafter stage of [[June 19th]] the aujourd' eight renamed stage [[Ahmed Zabana]]. * [[1958]]: [[January 2nd]], [[Ali Cherif Chriet]], the last chahid with being carried out by the guillotine. Its family is originating in the city in [[Sig]] * [[1958]]: [[June 6th]], visit of [[general de Gaulle]] has Oran. * [[1960]]: Construction of like of the sports baptized by the mayor of Oran [[Henri Fouquès-Duparc]]. * [[1960]]: First barricades. * [[1961]]: August, appearance of [[OAS]]. The statistics give to Oran 400.000 inhabitants: 220.000 [[European]] and 180.000 [[Moslem]]. The curfew is issued has 21heures. The city is partageé into two. [[The Face of national release|FLN]] control 180.000 [[Moslem]] of [[Jdida dined Me]], of the suburbs [[Médioni]], [[Lyautey]], [[Lamure]] and [[Small Lake]] on which fleet the green flag It [[O.A.S]] control districts of the center, Gambetta, Eckmühl, Saint-Eugene and Navy. * [[1962]]: Recrudescence of the attacks. One of the chiefs of [[O.A.S.]], [[Edmond Jouhaud]], on March 25th is stopped. June: set fire to port. Ten million tons of fuel on fire darkens the sky of the Massacre city [[July 5th]] [[1962]]. End of the presence [[French]]. * [[1962]]: [[July 5th]] (Festival of independence), the forgotten tragedy of removal and the assassination by [[the Face of national release|FLN]] under insupportable conditions several thousands of Black Feet. * [[1962]]: Place [[Jean d' Arc]] the statue was rapartrieé after independence with [[Caen]]. * [[1962]]: In September, [[Médersa El-Falah]] réouvre its doors in order to give religious teaching again. Many medersa El-falah appendix meanwhile was created in the town of Oran, Lamur, [[Sidi El Houari]] and Carteaux. * At the end of the Sixties, hotel celebrates it (Martinez) whose construction goes back to the {{S|XIX|E}}, suffered from the landslides what encouraged the authorities has its pure and simple demolition. * {{refnec|Patron saint (Aoulias El Soulah) of the Town of Oran, Sidi El Bachir, Sidi Mokhtar, Sidi El Hasni, Sidi Snousi, Sidi Mokhfi, [[Sidi El Houari]], Sidi Bennacef, Sidi Blel, Sidi Abdelkader Moul-Duma, Sidi Ahmed El K' bayli, Sidi Abdelbaki Benziane, and large Al Zaouïa Mahaja}} * {{refnec|Truths inhabitants of the town of Oran until [[XVe century]] are the descendants of the tribes: [[El Gherabas]], [[El Ghoualem]], Al Mahaja, And [[Zmalas]].}} * Oran, was used in turn, for various ends, by [[Phéniciens]], them [[Roman]], them [[Berber]], them [[Arab]], them [[Spain|Spaniards]], them [[Turks]], them [[French]] and finally by [[Algerian]]. == administrative, tourist and economic Vie == The shortly after independence, the industrial development programmes of the communes, the three-year plan and the first four-year one had very little influence on the extension and the urbanization of the city, emptied majority of its inhabitants; one completed there the programs of [[plane of Constantine]] and one reconverts some military spaces out of university equipment. As regards transport, Oran should have in five years one [[tram]] making it possible to appreciably reduce the motor vehicle traffic in the city. It is with the second four-year plan, the PMU in 1975 and the PUD in 1976, that it [[urbanization]] was going to take a new rise, in the same forms and axes that those traced during the colonial time: one attends the continuation of the same type of urbanization; in spite of the enormous effort of construction, the results and the tendencies are the same ones as those inherited the French period. From 1978 with [[1991]], the urban development is marked by: * Urbanization of the second crown, completed in 1986, by the construction of the ZHUN and of some allotments. * Extension towards the east. * The marginalisation of the western zone (growers, Close-cropped El Ain and Sidi El Houari). * The deterioration of urban fabric. * The absence of city planning and continuation of the exclusion of the populations towards the peripheral agglomerations. * The conurbation of Oran with some agglomerations of recent colonial creation (Alberville, Fernanville, Bir El Djir). === Districts and historical quarters === The districts are twelve (also called “urban sectors”), each district or sector having its own communal antenna, managed by an elected communal delegate, and who manages the administrative businesses, technical, political and social. The historical quarters par excellence are Sidi El Houari which one also calls “the low districts”. He is indeed regarded as “the Oran old man” and to date conceals the print of the various occupations which the city knew (Spanish, Othoman, Frenchwoman). ''' Districts of Oran ''': * 1 {{er}}: '' Sidi El-Houari '' (Kasbah, St-Louis, Old port) * 2 {{Nd}}: '' Sidi El Bachir '' (St-Charles, Plates, Center Town) * 3 {{ème}}: '' Ibn Sina '' (Victor Hugo, Cavaignac, Delmonte) * 4 {{ème}}: '' El-Makkari '' (Saint-Eugene, Beavers, Small Lake) * 5 {{ème}}: '' El-Hamri '' (Medioni, Lyautey, Lamur, St-Hubert) * 6 {{ème}}: '' El Badr '' (Baker, Choupot, Magnan, Sananès) * 7 {{ème}}: '' Es-Seddikia '' (Carteaux, Not of the Day, Gambetta, Cliffs) * 8 {{ème}}: '' El Menzeh '' (Canastel) * 9 {{ème}}: '' El Amir '' (Miramar, Bel Air, St Pierre) * 10 {{ème}}: '' El Othmania '' (Maraval, Cuvelier, Palm trees) * 11 {{ème}}: '' Bouamama '' (Quoted Small, Growers) * 12 {{ème}}: '' Es-Saada '' (Ekhmühl, St Antoine) The historical quarters [[Sidi El Houari]] are a suburb in the north of the town of Oran. One finds the old college there [[Saint-Louis]], as well as the old woman [[mosque of the Pasha]] dating from [[XVIIe Century]]. In this district rests the skin of patron saint of the city in the name of [[Sidi El Houari]], of its true name Ben-Amar El houari, with the mausoleum which was built in [[1793]]. It is in the old city ([[kasbah]]) that it was buried in the district “the growers” who bears his name [[Sidi El Houari]]. It is historically the 1 {{er}} center town of Oran, it gathers several sites and listed monuments. This district is thus regarded as a symbol of passage of several civilizations: [[Turkish]], [[Spain|Spanish]] and [[French]]. It is located at [[Western]] of the city between the slope is Murdjadjo mount, and the old port. Other tourist curiosities: old prefecture of the boulevard [[Stalingrad]], of the Spanish vestiges dating from [[XVIe century]], and especially the palate of [[the Bey (title)|Bey]] of Oran. === Oranian Agglomeration === The Oranian metropolis comprises several communes: * [[Mers-El-Kébir]]: this commune is located at the North-West of Oran to a few 7 km of the center town. It is also a maritime base and a naval station, sits of the Algerian national marine. Very pretty commune. * The commune of [[Ain-el-Turck]] is also located at the North-West of Oran to 15 km of the center. A seaside resort which includes/understands several hotel buildings and tourist complexes. The landscape of this commune does not cease improving thanks to the many projects undertaken: highway network, seaside resorts, hospital, etc To 8 km of the commune: the seaside resort [[the Andalusian ones (Algerian seaside resort)|the Andalusian ones]]. * [[Es Senia|Es-Sénia]]: this commune is in the South of Oran with 07km center. It shelters industrial parks, several academic institutes (university of Oran-Es-Sénia, Institut of Communication, ENSET “National university”, CRASC “Research center in social sciences”, etc) and the international airport. * The commune of [[Bir-El-Djir]] composes the suburbs Is of Oran (apart from the districts). It is the future beating heart of the Oranian agglomeration. It includes several buildings which are the seats of companies with a modernistic architecture (Sonatrach, in construction), the new CHU “November 1st, 1954”, the Palate of the Congresses, the University of sciences and technology (conceived by the Japanese architect Kenzo Tange (1913-2005)), the Institute of medical sciences, and the Court of justice. It is the urban extension to the east of the town of Oran, 8 km of the center, with a population of 118.000 inhabitants and the projects: Olympic stadium of 50.000 places. She bore the name of Arcole at the time colonial, she was only front arable land, since end of the year 80 and the beginning of the year 1990, the housing shortage allowed construction on these grounds the base intended for agriculture. * Misserghin: It is a peaceful small town in the extreme West of the metropolis, having its Misserghin fans and its tour operators in order to promote tourism in the radiant and green area of this locality. === === Transport The city has limited means of transport, which do not cover sufficiently on-urban zones. Company ETO (Undertaken Oranian transport) acquired new buses bright burning coal to cover the request to a total value of 70%. But that remains insufficient within sight of the number of users, in particular the students who attend the two large universities. A thing is however certain: the face of the city will be radically transformed thanks to the nearest setting into work of the Tram of Oran, whose project of feasibility was finalized and validated by the local authorities in December 2005. Work will begin in January 2007 and last approximately two years and half, to deliver the first line of [[tram]] in 2009. It should comprise 31 stations, distributed on 17,7 kilometers going of Es-Sénia, in the South, until Sidi Maarouf, in the East, while passing by the center town (place of the 1 {{er}} November). The tram should serve the locality of Haï Sabbah, the university of Sciences and Technology (USTO), the crossroads of the Three Private clinics, the Law courts, Dar El Baïda, Plate-Saint Michel, the place of the 1 {{er}} November, Saint-Anthony, Boulanger, Saint-Hubert, the 3 {{E}} Ring road and finally the university Es-Sénia. === Tourism === The tourists will be able to attend the cinemas, the arts centres, the regional theater, the open-air theater, the nights clubs, the museum, the old town of Oran, the district of Sidi El Houari, the municipal garden, Médina Djedida with its artisanal products, the cathedral, Djebel Murdjadjo, and the close seaside resorts. The International airport Es-Senia is to 12 km of the center town, accessible by ferries since the ports from [[Marseilles]], [[Sète]], [[Alicante]] and [[Almería]], '' via '' the national company Algérie Ferries Image: Abibas02.jpg| Image: Oran Madagh 040.jpg|Photograph of [[Madagh (beach of Oran)|Madegh]] Image: Oran Madagh 044.jpg|Photograph of [[Madagh (beach of Oran)|Madegh]] === Walk in Oran === Now let us take the direction of old Oran; after having left the station of the buses, we direct towards the street Amara Boutkbil. The staircases which go up and go down made think of anything else that which they represented or believed capacity to represent with the famished eyes of the man, Calère, the oldest district of Oran, which was used as decoration to the great writer [[Albert Camus]] for his famous novel '' the Plague ''. Low, with height of an enclosure of a bright white, a superb entry in the shape of dome indicates to us that we arrived at the famous mosque Djamaa El Pasha, whose immense minaret dominates all the district. One of its stones of origin, previously sealed in the mosque and now deposited with the municipal museum under N° 158, teaches us that the building was built at the time of the 26^e bey d' Oran, in 1796. Let us enter the tunnel which emerges of the exit of the Kléber place towards Blanca, carries of Canastel. It is by this door that all the commercial traffic at the time of the Spaniards was carried out. A turn towards the beaches with sand fine, where we go along the road of the Cornice which carries out towards Bou Sfer, Bomo beach, [[Ain el Turck]]. This road circumvents bay of Seas-el-Kébir, village picturesquely fixed on the end of a rock headland where throne a strong old man, Djebel El Marsa, built in [[1347]]. Let us leave the cornice is and, to finish our walk, gain the port while penetrating by the Ximenes door; it is then the Kennedy place which accommodates us with open arms. Image: IM000399.JPG|Town hall of Oran, Places Lions. Image: Oran Santa Cruz.JPG|[[Santa Cruz (Oran)|Santa Cruz]], seen since the downtown area. Image: Sebkha.JPG|Sebkha d' salt water Oran wide. Image: Oran_facade_maritime.JPG| === Twinnings === Oran is twinned with the cities: * {{Twinning|Alicante|Spain|Spain}} * {{Twinning|Bordeaux|France|France}} * {{Twinning|Dakar|Senegal|Senegal}} * {{Twinning|Durban|South Africa|South Africa}} * {{Twinning|Gdansk|Poland|Poland}} * {{Twinning|Sfax|Tunisia|Tunisia}} * {{Twinning|Zarka|Jordan|Jordan}} == artistic, cultural and sporting Vie == === Spoke === Oran is the capital of [[spoke]], this original music which mixes traditional and electronic instruments, as well as the interpenetration of the love of life and the melancholy (unhappy love affair, alcohol, misery). The spoke was regarded a long time as a vulgar music, one could not decently listen to it in family, like [[the arabo-Andalusian Music|Andalusian song]] or [[châabi]]. Of its origins, the spoke still keeps the roughness of the hot districts of Oran, of [[Relizane]] or of [[Sidi-Beautiful-Abbots]]. For the townsman of [[Tlemcen]] or [[Mostaganem]], the bad taste, that of the bad lots and lost girls, uprooted invaders of the cities, bores through each note, each intonation, each movement. It sees there only coarseness and triumph of the instinct on the heart. This explains its repression. Indeed, the spoke is the song of the young people, them [[cheb]] S; they are quantities in [[Algeria]]: [[Sheik Fethi]], the Master of the song spoke, Cheb Hamid, Cheb Houari Benchenet, Cheb Tahar, Cheb el Handi, Cheb Abdelhak, Cheb Zahouani, Cheb Bilal, [[Cheb Hasni]] (assassinated in Oran in February [[1995]]), [[Cheb Khaled]], [[Cheb Mami]], Cheb Sahraoui, Chaba Fadila and [[Chaba Zahouania]], etc One will also note the festival of the Spoke which is held each year in Oran at the beginning of August. === Personalities === {{Unrolling Box|ALIGN=left|alignT=center|couleurFondT=white|titer=Personnalities born in Oran|largeur=100|contenu= * [[Abdelkader Alloula]] playwright and writer, assassinated with Oran in March 1994 * [[Jean Benguigui]], born in 1944, French actor. * [[Pierre Bénichou]], born in 1938, French journalist. * [[Louis Bertignac]], born in 1954, French musician. * [[Albert Camus]] (1913-1960), French writer. * [[Alain Chabat]] (1958-), French actor. * [[Etienne Daho]] (1956-), French singer. * [[Orane Demazis]] (1894-1991), French actress. * [[Jean-Pierre Elkabbach]], born in 1937, French journalist. * [[Renee Gailhoustet]], born in 1929, architect Frenchwoman * [[Nicole Garcia]], born in 1946, French actress. * [[Sophie Garel]], born 1942, stimulating of TV and radio. * [[Cheb Hasni]], born in 1968 - assassinated on September 29th, 1994, singer of spoke. * [[Cheb Khaled]], born in 1960 with Oran, singer of the spoke. * [[Sheik Tayeb Al Mahaji]] (1881-1969), Large Imam and the founder of the modern school with Oran. * [[Maurice El Médioni]], born in 1928, musician. * [[Governed Obadia]], born in Oran in 1958, French choreographer of [[contemporary dance]]. * [[Emmanuel Roblès]] (1914-1995), French writer. * [[Ahmed Saber]] (1937-1971): Oranian singer and type-setter. * [[Yves the St. Lawrence]], born in 1936, French dressmaker. * [[Rachid Taha]], September 18th, 1958, Algerian singer. * [[Karin Viard]], born on January 24th, 1966 in Oran, French actress. * [[Ahmed Wahbi]] (1921-1993), singer of " modern oranais" I. * [[Sheik El Miloud Al Mahaji]], born in 1919 has Oran, Grand Imam and the founder of Association El Falah. * [[Ahmed Zabana]] (1926-1956), separatist fighter during [[war of Algeria]]. * [[Zeddour Mohamed Brahim Kacem]] (1925-1954), Nationalist Algerian, First student martyr of the Revolution. }} === Football clubs === The most known football clubs of the town of Oran are: * {{ASM Oran}} * {{MC Oran}} * [[SCM Oran]] * [[USM Oran]] * Other Clubs, nonknown of the city which practically never left small divisions: [[RCG Oran]] ([[Quoted Small]]), [[JSSL Oran]] ([[Sidi El Houari]]), [[CA Growers]] ([[Growers]]), [[FC Oran]] ([[Gambetta]]), [[ACE Marsa (Algeria)|ACE Marsa]] ([[Seas El Kébir]]), [[ASPTT Oran]] (?), [[KS Oran]] (?), [[DC Oran]] (?), [[CSU Oran]] (?), [[RC Oran]] ([[Quoted Small]]), [[ACE Marine]] (?), [[CDJ]] (?), [[GC Oran]] (?) === international Marathon === The first international Marathon of Oran was carried out in [[2005]]. Its objective is to show the benefits of the race on foot, and to distract the public by this kind from competitions, at the same time sporting and festive. == Voir also == === Bibliography === * E. Cruck: '' Oran and witnesses of his past '', Heintz Brothers, [[1959]]. * P. Ruff: Spanish domination with Oran '', 1554-1558, Bouchène Editions. * The novel of [[Albert Camus]], '' the plague '' is held in Oran. * '' Algeria seen of the sky '', by [[Yann Arthus-Bertrand]], [[2005]]. === Cédérom === * '' Oran, memories in images '', by Kouider Métaïr, editions Association Beautiful Horizon of Santa Cruz, [[2005]]. === related Articles === * [[List of the governors of Oran]] * [[List of the French Consuls to Oran at the XVIIIe century]] * [[List of the mayors of Oran]] === external Bonds === * {{Fr}} [http://www.oran-dz.com the town of Oran] * {{Fr}} [http://fr.visitoran.com Visit Oran - the guide of Oran in Algeria] * {{Fr}} [http://elbahia.over-blog.com/ El Bahia] * {{Fr}} [http://www.lesouk-oran.org/ the Souk of Oran] * {{Fr}} [http://www.oran-belhorizon.com/ Beautiful Horizon] * {{Fr}} [http://www.sdhoran.org/ Association Sidi El Houari] {{wilayas of Algeria}} {{Gate Algeria}} [[Category: Oran]] [[rear: وهران]] [[bg: Оран (град)]] [[bpy: ওরান]] [[Br: Oran]] [[Ca: Orà]] [[Cs: Oran]] [[of: Oran]] [[in: Oran]] [[be: Orán (Argelia)]] [[and: Oran]] [[fi: Oran]] [[He: אוראן]] [[hr: Oran]] [[it: Orano]] [[ja: オラン]] [[lt: Oranas]] [[mk: Оран]] [[nl: Oran (stad)]] [[No: Oran]] [[pl: Oran]] [[Pt: Oran]] [[ro: Oran (oraş)]] [[Ru: Оран]] [[Sr: Оран]] [[VI: Oran]] [[zh: 奧蘭 (阿爾及利亞)
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