A instrument optical is an instrument forming an image of an object. An optical instrument is generally the association of several optical systems (ex: objective and eyepiece).

• When they require the presence of a human eye to observe it, they are known as subjective , like the Télescope, the Microscope, the Loupe, etc and gives a virtual image.
• the instruments not requiring the presence of the human eye are known as a contrario objective : the Projector, the photographic room, etc and gives a real image.

The eye is an optical instrument giving a real image of the object on the retina.

In manner more general one indicates by " instrument optique" any instrument using optics in its operation.

Kinds

• Some are mainly of observation , like the binoculars, the Loupe, etc

• Of others of measurement, like the geodetic instruments: the Rangefinder, the Theodolite, the spirit level, the Goniometer, etc See also the instruments of Metrology.

Generally, they rather often combine the two destinations, between qualitative study and quantitative study.

• let us not forget those of projection : diascopes like the projector (of slide), that cinematographic, or épiscope S (for the opaque documents) like Overhead projector, etc

Qualities

They require to define their quality:

• studies of Focométrie for obtaining a correct image by focusing of the luminous rays.
• studies of Photometry for the taking into account of flows of transported energy (flow, intensity).
• the taking into account of the aberration S and their Correction S (geometrical, chromatic, of diffraction).
• the comprehension of qualities and requirements of the human eye (Acuity, Resolving power, defects and corrections).
• the contribution of additional technical solutions: Diaphragm of field, opening, taken into account of the fields.
• the taking into account of physical optics, the aspects undulatory and corpuscular of the light.

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