Mani pulite (in Italian, clean Mains) is the name of a legal operation launched in 1992 against the corruption of the political world Italy N and which ended in the disappearance of left like the Christian Democrat (cd.) and the Italian Socialist party (PSI). The system of corruption and bribes thus discovered was baptized Tangentopoli (tangent , bribe, and of polished , city in Greek).
Short history
Tangentopoli begins the February 17th 1992 when the judge Antonio Di Pietro makes stop Mario Chiesa, a member of the Italian Socialist party. Bettino Craxi, the leader of the PSI, denying the existence of political corruption, baptized Mario Chiesa of mariuolo (swindler), of scheggia impazzita (a splinter become insane), inside a just PSI. At the time of the elections of 1992, cd. lost voices while preserving a relative majority but the Parliament was fragile what leads to anticipated elections in 1994. Meanwhile, as of April 1992, of many politicians and industrialists, especially those of the governmental majority were stopped. The investigations began with Milan but extended quickly to other cities. An political official of the PSI acknowledged with two police officers simply come to give a fine to him the crimes which it had committed. September 2nd, 1992, the Socialist Sergio Moroni committed suicide, while declaring himself guilty. His/her daughter, Chiara Moroni was elected appointed with the support of Silvio Berlusconi. These years are also remembered by the double assassination of Giovanni Falcone, one of the members of the team of judges antimafia and by that of his/her colleague Paolo Borsellino.At the time of the local elections, cd. lost half of the voices. The following day Bettino Craxi was accused of corruption and ends up resigning. March 5th 1993, the government Giuliano Amato and its Minister for Justice, Luigi Conso, tested, through a law on the financing of the parties, to cause a general amnesty. But the president of the Republic Oscar Luigi Scalfaro refused to sign this law. The following week, a scandal concerning ENI was revealed, for 250 million dollars.
The March 25th 1993, the Italian Parliament modified the Way of voting in majority Scrutin causing referendums to repeal this law. Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, former governor of the Banque of Italy was then named President of the Council, first not-policy at this station. At the time of the local elections which followed cd. and the PSI still lost voices. The Ligue of North became the political main force in the north of Italy (xenophobe protest movement, favorable to the independence of the plain of the Po, supplied with a dislike of the political thing).
July 20th, 1993, the former president of the ENI, Gabriele Cagliari committed suicide in prison. His wife returned more than 6 billion liras illegal funds. At the same time the lawsuit began from Sergio Cusani. This last was shown crimes related to a joint-venture between ENI and Montedison, baptized Enimont. The lawsuit was diffused on television. This lawsuit culminated with a I do not remember (Not ricordo) of Arnaldo Forlani while Bettino Craxi admitted that the PSI had received 93 million dollars of illegal funds. For its defense, did everything that . Even the Ligue of North was concerned with this lawsuit: Umberto Bossi and its former treasurer was condemned to have received 200 million to read S of illegal financings. Even the Italian Communist party was accused of corruption without it being possible to find a culprit. As concludes the prosecutor Antonio Di Pietro: the criminal responsibility is personal, I cannot show somebody who has as a first name " Parti" and for family name " Communiste" .
In 1994, Silvio Berlusconi entered in policy (according to its own words, it went down in the field ) and gained the elections. Many are those which think that this descent is caused by its will to protect its companies from the accusations of corruption. His/her son admitted on February 11th of the crimes of corruption. As of on July 13rd, 1994, its government made adopt a law to avoid the prison for most of the crimes of corruption (approved law the same day when the national team of Italy beat Bulgaria in semi-finals of the Football world cup). In spite of this juggling act, the decree was withdrawn following the protests, neither Roberto Maroni, Minister of Interior Department (League of North), nor Alfredo Biondi, Minister for Justice, claimed to have never read it (one suspects that he was written by Cesare Previti). July 28th, the son of Berlusconi was stopped and immediately slackened.
Began then a battle between Silvio Berlusconi and Antonio Di Pietro. The control of the media on behalf of Berlusconi, made it possible to create the conditions of the FUD ( fear, uncertainty and doubt , fear, uncertainty and doubts). December 6th, 1994, Antonio Di Pietro resigns and two weeks afterwards, it is the turn of the Berlusconi government (before an unquestionable vote of distrust at the Parliament). In 1995, it is with the turn of Di Pietro to be marked (but it was exonerates) while new businesses touched Berlusconi. Di Pietro ends up founding a political movement Italia dei Valori.
In 1998, Cesare Previti, old directing Fininvest, avoided the prison thanks to its parliamentary privilege. Bettino Craxi, condemned definitively, flees in Tunisia where it remained in exile until its death the January 19th 2000.
Since seems to be itself developed a strategy of the regulation, which makes the continuations increasingly dubious and improbable. The victory of Silvio Berlusconi in May 2001 and the adoption of laws ad personam confirm this tendency. ----
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