Operation and organization of the company

The operation and the organization of the company are an important under-field of operation and specific organization to any institution.

The companies are extremely varied by their size , them branch of industry , them Localization and environment, them strategy . In addition, in a very evolutionary economy their model of business (Business model) cannot be static.

It results an extreme diversity from it from solutions of operation and organization. However this article shows the most current elements.

Great functions of the company

Head office and technological strategy
Research and development
Purchases and Logistique (Supply Chain Management)
Production and Ingéniérie
Marketing
Sales
human Resources
Financial management
Control and accountancy
Administrative, legal, tax
Infrastructure and safety
Information systems

These functions must be exerted for very undertaken. They are it by groups of people in the case of the large companies, sub-contracted with outside firms or, with the extreme, exerted by a person working only. It does not have there direct relationships and automatics between the functions and the structures of companies, so that the real organization of a company is not copied inevitably on cutting describes here and the examples given hereafter some of these functions. The various services can not be also definitely separate and clearly apparent, as if each one ensured the totality of a function and only one. It happens that there are not service corresponding to such or such function, the corresponding function being ensured in another way. In addition the organization can be more flexible (interpenetration of the tasks) and constantly evolutionary.

To note finally that the division of the functions inside the companies loses of its direction in the system more and more running of the Entreprise wide, in which each particular company is centered on such (S) or such (S) function (S) specific (S) in multiple networks of economic cooperation.

Head office and strategy

Surrounded by a large team of advisers, assistants, helped by a secretary or board of directors simple, the directing manages the company for the account of its owner (shareholders, Parent company…). It ensures the relations with the thirds such as the tax authorities, the trade-union organizations, the administration, the local government agencies, the authorities of market…

The Management establishes the Stratégie company, whose Contrôle of management ensures the translation in operational objectives and the follow-up (see measurement of the performance).

Management must return accounts to the Actionnaire S of the company, on its strategy and its capacity to achieve the laid down goals. In the context of the law on financial safety, LSF (France) and the law Sarbanes-Oxley, SOX (the United States of America), the governorship of company is a concept which comes to be added to the existing obligations of management with respect to the recipients.

It also represents the company legally speaking.

See also: Directing, Strategy, Internal audit

Technological research and development

Its goal is of:

At the stage of the innovation

To study, in relation to the business service, the market (market research) by observing the competitors, the fashion, the evolutions economic, the patent fillings, the investigations and studies carried out by the company doctors and governmental.
To design the product or the service according to the market needs or of a particular customer (at the same time technical studies and marketing)
To make technological survey with for goal to propose with the Direction a preliminary draft which can be taken into account by the company, either within the framework of its current activity, or to widen its field of action.
To make applied research with a technological aim of Innovation, to establish and test prototypes (Research and development)

At the stage of the implementation

To seek the matters, gross products, components necessary to manufacture
To establish the list of the parts , the material, the tools and specific installations necessary to manufacture. For the services it is about the list of the operations, files, documents, etc
Starting from these elements, to estimate the cost price of the product or service to develop
Rédiger the notes of use , the specifications particular to the realization or the use of the product.
To establish the plans, the specifications
the Département studies , sometimes called Engineering service gathers the Calculation office , the Research department , the Bureau of the projects and sometimes a Service general methods in charge of the studies particular to the equipment production.

See also: Innovation, R and D, Technology

Purchases and Logistics (Supply Chain Management)

It is concerned with:

the search for new suppliers or subcontractors
the negotiation of the contracts (price, quantities, times, quality standard…)
the management of the purchases and stocks.
the management of physical flows between the suppliers, the treatment unit and the customers.

The Service purchases employs purchasers who are in contact with the business services of the suppliers. They negotiate the prices, establish orders of purchase or orders of subcontracting , follows the realization of the ordered products and the spread of the deliveries, control the purchase invoices. They make sure that the suppliers have all the information and required documents with the definition of the parts or ordered matters and are in connection with the controllers of the Département quality.

The Service of the provisioning is the complement of the Service purchases. The supplier makes sure that all that is necessary to the Département production will be available to the time of manufacture. It restocks stocks by emitting requests for purchase and supervises the management of the stores while making sure of the good storage of the products.

Production and Engineering

The production relates to the industrial companies as well as those of services. It implements average of production and distribution to manufacture, install and distribute the product or to provide the services according to the plans and specifications defined by the Département studies with the equipment, matters, components, supplies and subcontracting provided by the Service of the provisioning .

In the industrial companies (which represent hardly than a small portion of the economic activity in the developed countries)

the Département of the production gathers several services in contact with the Département studies , the Département quality:
the Service scheduling deals with the planning building site or Atelier and production control ; it envisages the requirements in resources (machines and operators ) to ensure the production capacity necessary to the realization of the workload .
the store of tools supplies, maintains (sharpening…), manages and provides the current tools and products (fluid…) necessary to the production.
the Service methods establishes the manufacturing ranges (lists of operations of machining, assembly, handling…) according to the products to be manufactured or install and determines the tools, apparatuses and machines necessary. He studies each work station by observing the rules of the Ergonomie to obtain a optimal productivity with the work conditions and of best safety .
the Service forwarding packs and ensures forwarding, the taking out of bond and the transport of the market products.

Management of quality

It has as a role of:

to constitute the file quality product manufactured or proposed service by including there all the document concerning with the components and matters, manufacturing process , certificates of enabling of the subcontractors and qualification of the suppliers, official reports…
to manage the library of specifications and standards of the establishment.
to practice internal audits to check the application of the rules and '' procedures '' of the company; organize the external audits in the case of certification of the type ISO; draft the reports/ratios of nonconformity noted on the service, in the course of manufacture or at the customer…

The Département quality uses controllers and inspectors of the quality who check the conformity of the product or service with the specifications by measurements, samplings or investigations. The quality control engineers, experts in statistics, study the variations of the processes of manufacture by analyzing measurements and controls carried out by chance; The Bureau of standardization writes internal specifications , it is in close connection with the Département studies to write the specifications defining the product or the service. It calculates the cost of the not-quality and made proposals to reduce it.

The metrological function has as a role the management of the means of measurement, control and test. These means are identified, recorded, checked. Their file contains the relative informations with the methods of use and uncertainties of measurement.

See also: Production, Engineering, Management of quality

Marketing

The ¨ Marketing is a discipline which seeks to determine the offers of goods and services according to the attitudes of the consumers and to support their marketing. One distinguishes two shutters in this discipline: the Strategic and the Operational . The first lays down the policies of Segmentation, Ciblage and Positionnement; second like tries to implement the 4 elements of the Marketing mix has, namely the produced/the mark, the Prix, the Distribution and finally the Communication.

Sales

The activities of trade of the company are ensured by the commercial Département , or commercial department.

The commercial department is in responsibility of sell the goods and the services which the company produces and to ensure the relation with the customers . It prospects the actors of its market to convince them to buy the products of the company. He works with the customers of the company for on the one hand making them more trustful and on the other hand to convince them to place from new orders. He establishes the commercial propositions and negotiates the sale contracts and defines the commercial offers and ensures the communication of the company with outside.

He deals with the problems of invoicing in collaboration with the Département accountancy . He can be in charge of the formation of the customers to the product and the constitution of the contractual technical dossiers (documentation, notes…).

The commercial department is the principal bond between the customer and the company, and thus the management of the firm, the Département of the studies , the Département of management , the Département production.

SAV

The After-sales service , known as SAV, ensures the maintenance of the products or installations sold, the assistance with the customer within or out of the framework of the guaranteed . It is organized to supply, make realize, maintain in stock and to distribute the spare parts . It makes go back with the Département studies and the Département quality the complaints of the customers, the recurring breakdowns.

Human resources

Knowledge management (km)

See: Knowledge management

Financial management

Control and accountancy

It manages the accounts and the financial resources of the company while providing the interface with the banks, the Tax authorities, the customers and suppliers…

the general Accounting department establishes the Bilan , the Income statement and the appendix like all the obligatory declarations (VAT, INSEE…) and files all the book. It calculates and analyzes the overhead , enters the loads and the produced , studies the possibilities of investments, calculates the depreciation and envisages the needs for Trésorerie .
the analytical Accounting department , analyzes the directly affected expenditure with the products manufactured and calculates their cost price a posteriori.
the Accounting department supplier checks and pays the invoices relating to the purchases
the Accounting department customer establishes and sends the invoices to the customers then checks the payments of them.
the Control of management , on the basis of analysis ad hoc , of the results of the Accounts Department, and exchanges with the other actors of the company, ensures the coherence of the financial results, the objectives of performance, and the strategy of the company.

See also: Control of management, Accounts Department

Administrative, legal, tax

See also: Administration, Right of the businesses, Taxation

Infrastructure and safety

Although indirectly related to the production, they are essential to the good walk of the company.

the general services supervise or ensure the maintenance of the buildings, the vehicles and the networks (electricity, telephone, data transmission, gas, lanes…) establishment.
the Service Maintenance can be attached to the production, especially if it has in load only the installation and the maintenance of the work tools.
the Service Guarding and that of…
Hygiene, safety and work conditions :

Fire protection ensures a permanent monitoring of the installations.
the first-aid workers rescuers of work (ST), they are workers trained with the First aid and which ensures the first aid in the event of accident or of Malaise.
the Medical department treats the urgencies, identifies the work stations at the risks in collaboration with the Service EHS (Environment, Hygiène and Safety), ensures the prevention, takes part in the formation of ST and tracking the occupational diseases .

Information systems

The Data processing department can be very important if it has in load the development of the computer applications specific to the company. It manages the parks of the computers and the safeguard of the data.

Structure and organization

Flow chart

The way in which the various units of the company answering the various functions are dependant between them, in a hierarchical way or not summarizes in the Organigramme company, generally supplemented by definitions of functions and the fixing of targets for each unit and each person in the company nobody in the unit.

The flow charts differ from one company to another, while approaching, or while combining, certain traditional models:

flat flow chart or " in râteau". Used for example in large distribution (seat + together of the branches each one being a tooth of the rake + services of support, that of the purchases in particular)
pyramidal flow chart, with many hierarchical stages (Directorates, departments, Departments, sections, teams etc)
matric flow chart/by projects/segments of customers/product ranges,

Evolutionary structures

Flow chart in Group of companies, combining a holding head of group and subsidiary companies and sub-subsidiary companies, each entity being a company having the legal personality and its operating statement.
Undertaken wide/grid of companies in network
Fusion-acquisitions,
Diversification vs centering/integration

Organization of work

Article Organization of work. The organization is strongly impacted nowadays by the role growing of information and the contents growing of To know integrated in the trade S, which is generally accompanied by more a big leeway of action ( empowerment ) left to the employees having pointed or complex knowledge. Control is done a posteriori on the level of the results obtained by the unit or the person, according to the principle of the Management by objectives, itself supports by a Information system of management.

Great theories of organizations

Taylorism, Fayolisme, Fordisme, Toyotisme…

See too

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