Opera Nazionale Balilla
The Opera Nazionale Balilla (in French l
The name of Balilla refers to Giambattista Perasso, young person Génois 17 years who would have started in December 1746 the victorious revolt of his fatherland against the Austrian occupation .
As for the Hitlerjugend in Germany, one learns the life in community there. It was also a question of inculcating to the young people of Balilla the worship of the mode and the chief, all in their giving an physical education and paramilitary.
After having integrated “wire of the she-wolf” as of 4 years, one returned in Balilla at 8 years, before being built-in the “avant-gardes” 14 years to 18 years.
Origins
After the Walk on Rome in 1922, the new mode of Mussolini raises the question of fasciser the company, while starting with young people. In 1926, Mussolini requires of Renato Ricci, under-secretary with state education, of " to reorganize the youth from a moral point of view and physique". Ricci makes then contact in England with Baden Powell, founder of the Scoutisme to have some information and councils like in Germany with the representatives of the Bauhaus.
A law of the April 3rd 1926 gives rise to the ONB, that Ricci will direct during eleven years. Complementary to educational establishment, the ONB wants to be for " assistance and the physical education and morals of the jeunesse". In make to parties the young people from 8 to 18 years, divided into two under-institutions: the Balilla and the Avanguardisti .
The ONB does not deal only with spiritual, cultural and religious education but also of reserve training, sporting, professional and technical. The goal of the ONB is to give taste to the young people with the discipline and military education but also to make them conscious of their " italiannité". In 1927, the fascistic mode prohibited to youth organizations not fascist, of which scouting but not Gioventù Italiana Cattolica, which must however reduce its activity.
Operation
The ONB was conceptualized by the fascists like instrument of penetration in educational establishments. Thus was entrusted to the ONB the teaching of physical education in the schools. The directors and teachers were requested " to open the portes" school structures on the initiative of the ONB and to invite all the students to adhere to it.
The ONB also managed training courses and of vocational guidance, continuation courses for adults, house work and course on infant care for the women.
Structure
The ONB was subdivided in:
-
Figli beyond lupa: children from 6 to 8 years.
- Balilla: boys from 8 to 14 years.
- Piccole italiane : girls from 8 to 14 years.
- Avanguardisti: boys from 14 to 18 years.
- Giovani italiane : girls from 14 to 18 years.
Between 18 and 22 years, the men entered the Faisceaux of combat ( Fasci di Combattimento ). The students of the universities and the universities were to adhere to the university Groupe fascists ( Gruppi Universitari Fascisti - GUF).
The uniform
The uniform was composed of a black shirt, of a blue scarf, greenish grey pants, a black scarf and one fez. This uniform translates the paramilitary character of the ONB. The snap hook was the faithful companion of the exercises (in version toy for I Figli beyond lupa).
Demonstrations
In addition to the extra-curricular exercises and the " Saturdays fascistes" , the ONB mobilized its members for gatherings and holiday camps like the " Campi Dux" for example. During these gatherings the ONB thus gave a proof of the fascisation of youth. Actually, the inscriptions with the ONB never exceeded the 50%, nor after 1937, when Gioventù del Littoro imposed the obligatory inscription.
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