Open access

Open Access , which results by Open Archives or in Free access , is the free availability on line of contents Numérique S. Open Access mainly is used for the articles of re-examined S or research S academics, reviewed by Pair S, published free.

One of the first major international declarations on Open Access, which includes a definition, basic information and a list of signatories, is the Budapest Open Access Initiative of 2001. This gathering is recognized like the first historical gathering founder of the movement Open Access.

One second major international initiative, going back to 2003, is the declaration of Berlin on the free access to knowledge in sciences and Social sciences. It is built and based on the definition resulting from Budapest Open Access Initiative. This declaration is founder of the movement Open Access.

There exist two types of Open Access with many variations.

In the publication in free access, also known as “the gold” way of Open Access, the reviews return their articles directly and immediately accessible to the publication. These publications are called the “reviews with open access” (or “Open Access journals”). An example of publication in Open Access it is re-examined with open access Public Library off Science.
With regard to Open Access by auto- Filing, also called the “green” way of Open Access, the authors make copies of their own articles published openly accessible. They generally do it on a personal page or a deposit Institutionnel. A principal partisan of this school is Steven Harnad, and that since 1994.

The Free access is currently at the origin of many discussions between Universitaire S, librarians, administrators of universities and the Politique S. There exists a substantial dissension on the concept of Open Access, with a great debate around the economic remuneration of Open Access by the academics.

Authors and researchers

For the author S, the main motivation to create an article in free access is the impact of this one. Indeed, an article Open Access is made to be employed and quoted. The Enquiring S are given traditionally much for their work. They are paid by backers of research and/or their universities to make research. The final article is thus the proof that they carried out a work and not a commercial profit. More the article is used, quoted, applied it better is for research and the career of the Enquiring . More and more, the authors are invited to make their work accessible by the backers from research such as NIH and the WT as well as by the universities. The authors who wish to put their freely accessible work have a certain number of possibilities. One of the options (out of gold) is to publish in a review in Open Access. To find these articles, it is possible to use Directory off Open Access Journals DOAJ. The DOAJ is far from being complete because of the time necessary to the process of checking of quality of the review. According to the cases, it can exist expenses of treatment; there exists a myth according to which the publication under Open Access implies that the author must pay. Traditionally, much of university reviews expenses of page layout invoiced, well before Open Access became a possibility. Recent research showed that the newspapers in free access do not have expenses of treatment, and are taxed with expenses of authors than the traditional titles with subscription. When the reviews practice expenses of treatment, it is the employer (or the backer) of the author who pays these fees, and not the author. Moreover, provisions are made up to cover the authors for whom the fact of publishing could involve financial problems. The second option (green) is car-filing by the author. To check if an editor gave his agreement to an author for car-filing, the author can check the list the rights of copy of the editor and car-filing on the Web site SHERPA. A Wiki of car-filing, conceived to help the body teaching to include/understand and work starting from this technique, was installed by Ari Friedman. There also exists of important differences between university, scientific or different work: Open Access includes the general agreement of the authors of the free distribution of work and the publication on an infrastructure (technical) which allows such a distribution. On the other hand, it is often supposed that the idea of the Contenu free (Open Content) includes the general permission to modify a given work. However Open Access refers mainly to the free availability without any other implication. Indeed, much of Open Access projects are concerned with the scientific publication - a sector where it is completely reasonable to maintain contents of work static and to associate it with a determined author. Attribution is very important in the research tasks because it is about a concept of certification. It is essential in the career of a researcher to be perceived as being the first to have discovered or conceived something. Contrary to artistic work, where the modifications and the variations can easily increase the value of work, or, in the worst case, can involve a worse version of quality of work; modifications in scientific work can have serious consequences. For example, one should not change the procedures of a surgical technique, unless one proves to be a qualified and experienced surgeon. For these two reasons, the principles of attribution and not-modification are likely to become essential for the university articles. While Open Access currently concentrates on the articles of research, any creator who wishes to work thus can share his work and to decide which rules it is necessary to establish to make it available to all. Creative Commons provides means to the authors so that they easily indicate authorizations and permissions easily readable and comprehensible by the human ones and/or machines.

Users

Most of the time, the principal users of the articles of research are other researchers. The free access allows the researchers, as readers, to reach in articles of reviews to which their Bibliothèque S did not subscribe. The large recipients of Open Access will be the Pays in the process of development where there are currently universities without subscription for scientific magazines. However, all the researchers profit from it because no library can be offered a subscription to all the scientific periodicals. The majority of them are subscribed only with one fraction of them. Lee Van Orsdel and Kathleen Born summarized this actual position by what the libraries call “the crisis of the periodic publication”.

Open Access extends the world of research beyond the Scientific community. An article in free access can be read by whoever, that it are a Professionnel in a Domaine, a Journaliste, a man Politique, a Fonctionnaire or a interested Amateur.

Those which are interested in the scientific research can consult the Directory off Open Access journals. One can there find a certain number of reviews obeying the principle of the validation of the articles by pars, entirely accessible, or use the search engine of the site. Articles can also be found by research on the Web, by using any search engine or those specialized in the university scientific literature such as Open Accessister, Citebase, Citeseer, scirus, In-extenso.org (in French) and Google Scholar By using this technique, it is important to remember that the results can include articles which did not pass by the process of quality control of the reviews validated by pars.

Backers of research and universities

The basic financial backers and the universities want to make sure that research, on which they invest funds or support various manners, has impact the best possible one for research.

Certain backers of the world of research start to ask that research which they financed be accessible in free access. For example, the two larger backers in the world, in the field of the medical research, asked their researchers to provide a copy under Open Access of research which they supported financially. These policies are new, and apply to the new agreements, thus the results will surely appear slowly but. For example, the “U.S National Institute off Health' S Public Policy Access” took in May 2005 effect. The researchers who wish to obtain subsidies will want to give pleasure with their financeurs. When these financeurs “ask” for Open Access, it is probable that the majority of the authors do their work under Open Access.

Other backers are located in a process of revision of their policies, in order to maximize their impact. One of the most notable developments in this sector is the policy suggested in the United Kingdom by the “Council of Research” on the access to the publications of research. That means, that in the long term, approximately half of the research produced in the British Universities will be under Open Access, by the means of their institutional deposits. What is interesting about this initiative is located in the fact that it covers all the disciplines, not only biomedecine, which is the case of the agencies of health of the U.S.A. Another example is “Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council” in Canada. This council launched a consultation on all the country in order to transform the council so that it can support the researchers more and make sure that the Canadians profit directly from their investments in research and the knowledge. This marks a clearer accent on the value of research to the public, and is not restricted at the community of the researchers, such as it is seen in other similar initiatives.

The Université S start to adapt their policies by requiring that their researchers work under Open Access, and develop the institutional Dépôts on which articles Open Access can be deposited. Such as for example, CNRS via its project HALL (Hyper articles in line) carried by CCSD and Draft-agreement for the open files.

Public and recommendations

The free access, in the field of the Research, is important for the Public, and that for a certain number of reasons. One of the arguments which pleads in favor of the free access to the scientific literature, is that the majority of this research are financed by the Contribuable S. It is one of the reasons of the creation of groups of recommendations such as “The Alliance for Taxpayer Access”. The people can wish to read this literature, for example, when this same person or a member of its family has a disease, and more particularly a chronic disease and not included/understood well. There are also people who engage in pastimes in a very serious way. For example, there are so many astronauts amateurs, but so serious, in the world that, if the planet were to be struck of a comet, one of them would be able to alert us.

Even those which do not read the scientific articles profit indirectly from the effects of Open Access. Even if one does not want to read medical Journaux for example, it is preferable that your doctor or other health professionals have the access of them. Open Access accelerates research and makes progress their productivity: in the world, each researcher can read an article whatever it is, and not simply those which appear in specialized newspapers (to which them library is not obligatorily subscribed). The more quickly the discoveries are diffused, plus these last benefit everyone.

Libraries

The librarians are the most enthusiastic defenders of Open Access because the access to information is in the middle same concerns of this profession. Many associations of libraries signed declarations in favor of the free access. For example, in June 2004, “the Canadian Association of the libraries” approved a resolution on Open Access. They encourage the Corps teaching, the administrators and other people to adopt Open Access and its virtues. The American association of the libraries of research noted the need for access increasing to the scientific information. It was the principal founder of the coalition of the publication of research: “Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition” (SPARC)

In North America, in much of universities, the library is the center of the institutional deposits, where the authors file their articles. For example, the Canadian association of the libraries of research has an ambitious project to develop the institutional deposits at all the Canadian college libraries. Some libraries are at the origin of reviews such as the '' Journal off Insect Science '' of the library of the university of Arizona or provide a customer support in order to create a review.

Editors

There exist much of editor S different (and of types of editor S) within the community Scientifique. The reactions of the editors of newspapers with Open Access are contrasted. Some are simply enthusiastic to discover a new business with Open Access. They were tried to provide free access as much as possible. Lastly, some make active lobbying against the proposals of the movement Open Access.

free software for the newspapers of Open Access publication are available for those which wish to develop a new newspaper of it. For example, Open Systems Newspaper (OJS) developed a project thanks to the “Public Knowledge Project”, and, “HyperJournal” is conceived by volunteers. Lodel, Software of electronic edition created by the public gate Revues.org, is also available (in French). Whereas the OJS, Lodel and Hyperjournal are conceived for university editions, they can be used by everyone.

The editor S of the Pays in the process of development can come into contact with Bioline International to receive a free help to establish an electronic publication. The mission of Bioline International is to reduce the ditch of knowledge between the South and North, by helping the editors of the countries in the process of development to make their work more accessible thanks to the electronic .

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