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Joseph Rudyard Kipling (Bombay, the December 30th 1865 - London, the January 18th 1936) is a British writer .

Introduction

Its works for youth were as of their publication a success which was never contradicted, in particular the Book of the jungle (1894), the Second Book of the jungle (1895), Histoires like that (1902), Puck, imp of the hill (1906); he is also the author of the novel Kim (1901), of poems, Mandalay (1890), Gunga DIN (1890), and If- (1895) are among most famous) and of news, of which the Man who wanted to be a King (1888) and the collection Simples Tales of the hills (1888). He was regarded as a " innovator in the art of the nouvelle" and one of the more great authors of the literature of youth; its work expresses a talent for the narration which was expressed in varied forms.

End of the 19th century in the middle of the 20th century, Kipling remained one of the most popular authors of the English language. The writer Henry James writes about it: " Kipling touches me personally, as the man of the most complete genius which I never have connu". In 1907, he is the first author of English language to receive the Nobel Prize of the literature, and youngest to have received it. Thereafter, he refused to be annobli.

However, Kipling was often regarded as a " prophet of the imperialism britannique" , according to the expression of George Orwell. The controversy about the prejudices and of the militarism which would be present in its work traversed all the 20th century. According to the literary critic Douglas Kerr: " There remains an author who inspires by the impassioned reactions of rejection, and its place in the literary and cultural history is far from being firmly established. However, per hour when the European empires are in fold, he is recognized as an interpreter incomparable, if not discussed, in the way in which the empire was lived. That, added to its extraordinary narrative genius, gives him a force which one can only reconnaître."

Biography

Childhood

Joseph Rudyard Kipling is born the December 30th 1865 with Bombay, wire of Alice Kipling, born MacDonald, and of John Lockwood Kipling, sculptor and professor in Jejeebhoy School off Art and Industry of Bombay; his/her parents hardly had just arrived to India, and had met in England, in the Staffordshire, close to the Lac Rudyard - of which they gave the name to their son. According to Bernice Mr. Murphy, “the parents of Kipling regarded themselves as " Anglo-Indiens" , and their son was to make in the same way, although it passed most of his life out of India. That explains why complex problems of identity and national allegiance mark its works of fiction”. These days of darkness and raw light last in Bombay ended when Kipling was six years old. As wanted it the tradition at the anglo-Indians, Rudyard and his young sister Trix , three years, took the boat for England, in fact to go to Southsea, Portsmouth, in a family of reception which took in pension British children whose parents resided in India. The two children grew under the supervision of the Holloway captain and his wife, with Lorne Lodge , during the six years which followed. In its autobiography, published more than sixty years later, Kipling evokes this period with horror by wondering not without irony if the mixture of cruelty and abandonment which it undergoes near Mrs. Holloway would not have precipitated the blossoming of its literary talents. However the two children had of the family in England in which they could remain. To Christmas, they spent one month in their aunt Georgiana ( Georgy ) and her husband, the painter Edward Ball-Jones in their house of Fulham in London, a paradise to which I must in truth be saved according to Kipling and curator of the museum of Lahore. Kipling was to work as assistant in a small local newspaper, the Civil & Military Gazette . It took the sea for India on September 2nd and unloaded in Mumbai on October 20th, 1882.

Voyages of youth

The civil and military gazette ( Civil and Military Gazette ) of Lahore, that Kipling will call " later; my first mistress, my first amour". It became acquainted with Twain Mark in Elmira (state of New York), in front of which it felt extremely intimidated. Then Kipling crossed the Atlantic to unload in Liverpool in October 1889. A few months later, it made beginnings noticed in the London literary world

The literary career

London beginnings

Rudyard succeeds in publishing several of its news in reviews and found a room in Villiers Street, close to the Strand, where it placed of 1889 to 1891. At the time where it published its first novel, the Light which dies out , it started to suffer from depression. It became acquainted then with Wolcott Balestier, writer American, who also worked like literary agent. Together they wrote a novel, The Naulahka . In 1891, on the council of the medical community, Kipling embarked for a new voyage which carried out it of South Africa in Australia, then in Zealand News and India. But it renonça with its project to pass Christmas in family when he learned the news from dead from Wolcott Balestier, which had just succumbed brutally to the Typhoid fever. It decided to return immediately to London and sent a telegram to the sister of Wolcott, Carrie Balestier, for him dempander its hand. The young girl, of which it had made knowledge the previous year and to which it was very close, accepted. Meanwhile, towards the end 1891, in London an anthology of news appeared on the British presence in India, Life' S handicap .

Marriage and honeymoon

January 18th, 1892 takes place the marriage of Carrie Balestier (29 years) and Rudyard Kipling (26 years) with most extremely of the flu epidemic which prevailed in London, so much so that the undertaking missed black horses and were to be satisfied with brown horses . Naulakha, which means " literally; nine Lac " (or nine hundred and thousand Rupee s") in Hindi, was the name given to the collars of the queens in the popular tales of India of north, a jewel without price , according to the translation that Kipling gave some.

This retirement in the middle of Vermont, as well as a life healthy and clean , stimulated the imagination of Kipling. In the four years space it produced, in addition to the Livre of the jungle , a collection of news ( The Day' S Work , (the Work of the day)), a novel ( courageous Captains ) and many poetries, of which the volume of the Seven Seas (Seven Seas). The collection of poems entitled Barrack-Room Ballads , which contains two famous parts, Mandalay and Gunga DIN appeared in March 1892. It took an immense pleasure to write two volumes of the Livre of the jungle , chief of work of poetic imagination, and to answer the abundant mail of its young readers. Kipling seems to have taken taste with the golf, which it practiced on the occasion in company of local Pasteur, going until using red balls when the ground was covered with snow. Unfortunately to play under snow was not whole rest: the drives ones did not know any limit; the ball could slip on two or three kilometers along the slope and finish in Connecticut . The two husbands remained faithful one to the other, but their marriage was in a rut.

Two incidents were going to drive out the family of Rudyard Kipling of Vermont. The first was related to the international political situation: with the beginning of the year 1890, Great Britain and the Venezuela disputed bitterly on the layout of the border of the Guyana. The United States had several times offered their arbitration, but in 1895 the American Secretary of State to the foreign affairs Richard Olney raised the tone by asserting the right for his country to arbitrate an argument which related to the American continent (the argument of Olney was based on the Doctrine of Monroe) The poems also expressed the concern of the author, fear that all could be one day destroyed

Far-called, our navies melt away;
On dune and headland sinks the fire:
Lo, all our pomp off yesterday
Is one with Nineveh and Tyre!
Judge off the Nations, spare custom yet.
Lest we forget - ballast we forget!

Writer prolific, difficult to classify his production so much is varied during this stay with Torquay, it writes Stalky & Co. , collection of accounts based over its years of boarding school to the United Services College of Westward Ho! . Its young heroes show a disillusioned and cynical vision of patriotism and authority. The family members of Kipling told later that Kipling liked to make them the reading aloud adventures of Stalky and company, and that it often had insane-laughter with the reading of the most comic passages.

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