Odontology

History

The first known signs of the practice of odontology go up to -7000 years at the beginning of the Neolithic , in the valley of Indus, with Mehrgarh in the current province Pakistan ease of the Balouchistan, close to the Afghan border . The Sédentarisation of the Man who marks the entry in the Neolithic era sees arriving a deep upheaval in its food mode. During the time when the Man develops the agricultural novel methods to adapt to his novel mode of life, its general health condition worsens and consequently, its dental health also. The rate in increasing Sucre of its food mode, that involves the development of decays, which was hitherto new at the Man.

This new medical condition made develop the first steps of the dental surgery. Craftsmen in particular cutting small pearls in Os, Shell S or mineral like the turquoise, have tools of high degree of accuracy which make it possible to make holes of some tenth millimetres in diameters. The latter were then used for to cut the teeth of the sick members of the community. Thus one found in a Cimetière containing 225 tombs, the teeth of eleven people having sudden such operations.

The researchers operating on the site of Mehrgarh put forth the assumption that certain anesthetic plants could have been used because of intense the Douleur of such an operation if the Dentine were reached.

Antiquity

In minor Asia towards -3000, the origin of the decays is allotted to Towards, this explanations is allowed during several centuries by many civilizations (Egypt, India, Greece, Africa, the Middle East, Europe and even North America).

The papyrus discovered by Edwin Smith (- 3000), which is the oldest known medical document, contains the description of several dental treatments. Most important of the medical texts of the ancient Egypt, the Papyrus Ebers (- 1600 ~ -1500), also described dental interventions. Dental malformations in the children are treated by the ingestion of skinned and cooked Souris, this treatment is transmitted and perpetuated by surrounding civilizations like the Greek , the Arab Romains and . The technique of the filling was also known, with in particular of spalls or the Or.

Cases of dental practices of care were discovered in a cemetery Danish (- 2500) and in North America before the first European contacts. In Babylonia, the Code of Hammourabi refers to several dental procedures, as well as the expenses being able to be required by the expert.

In China, the teeth were bleached with powder containing Musc and of the Gingembre and the obturations carried out with excrements of bat.

Many Greek doctors and Romans wrote on the treatment of the dental diseases. One can quote in particular Hippocrates, Celse, Scribonius Largus, Pline Old the or Claude Galien. This last will be the first to describe with precision the anatomy of the mouth with the number of teeth, forms and structures. He discovers in particular the Nerf S the vessels composing the teeth, but despite everything he regards these last as Os.

With regard to ancient Rome, one knows little thing about the practice of the dentists and no legislation was found. One knows on the other hand that dental hygiene was present, one also notes the use of Cure-dent S in bone and of toothbrushes. The problems of breath were hidden in particular by the chewing of sheet of Myrrhe or rincement of mouth with Vin. Baths of mouth with Urine (come from Spain in particular and sold at ransom price) was regarded as beneficial. With regard to the dental treatments, the obturations were carried out using Ardoise crushed inter alia. The extracted teeth could be replaced by teeth carved out of ivory or bone, fixed by gold ribbons attached to the adjacent teeth.

The Middle Ages

Al-Razi, one of the Arab eminent doctors, advises a strict dental hygiene with cleaning after each meal of the teeth. One of the fathers of the modern Surgery, Abu Al-Qasim, in its major work Al-Tasrif presents techniques of Détartrage, Cautérisation and is the first to describe to it the dental extraction, but only to carry out when all the other less invasive treatments failed. Arabic will fish on the anatomical level, because they prohibit the Dissection for religious reasons.

In Europe during the Moyen-âge there will be no major discovery. The practice of medicine becomes the monopoly of the Church then. But that does not prevent the appearance of the pullers of teeth, which will make true spectacles…

Rebirth

The limit between medicine and the Superstition is not yet clear. But little by little, with the risk of their life, the scientists acquire knowledge in anatomy and medicine.

The Renaissance sees the development of printing works, a intellectual, artistic and scientific revolution (Michel Ange, Vinci, Raphaël, Rabelais, Montaigne, Ronsard, Of Bellay). There will be discoveries in pharmacology, surgery, urology, obstetrics, ophthalmology.

The Barbier S are found in a difficult position. To increase their knowledge they must necessarily dissect. Golds they do not have the right of it. The Doctors then take them as assistants.

Léonard de Vinci (1452-1519) described the reports/ratios of the roots of the molars with the maxillary sinuses. It gives the first exact drawings that we have teeth. It tries to classify them.

Andre Vésale (1514-1564) described the pulp cavity. He believes, like Celse, that the permanent teeth develop on the roots of the baby teeth. He was the personal doctor of Charles Quint and Philippe II of Spain. He will be continued by the enquiry and will die in misery. He will be opposed to the generally accepted ideas and will highlight the old errors. He will be an eminent doctor and a large surgeon. Thanks to the microscope, it will show the structure of the tooth, will establish its differentiation with the bone and will reveal the function of pulp.

One owes with Bartolomeo Eustachi (about 1510-1574) the first book of anatomy devoted to the teeth. Contrary to Galien, he does not believe that they are bones. He distinguishes a hard cortical external substance like marble and a compact intimate substance.

There is however a total absence of therapeutic structure. The dentist operator does not exist. Only operational Odontology is that of the hawker and the Barber.

It is necessary to acknowledge that the health issues do not worry much the populations.

To finish some with this period, one should not forget to mention Ambroise Paré (1516-1590) born meadows of Laval. He was Barbier in Laval then in Paris. Admitted with the Hospital of Paris in 1533, he becomes Compagnon Surgeon. He opens a shop in 1539. The brotherhood of St As asks it. He becomes graduate in 1554, laid off then Master-Surgeon of Henri II and Charles IX. He will innovate of novel methods. He recognizes the dentistry like a true speciality. But he thinks, him as, as the teeth are bones. He recommends the binding of the mobile teeth with money or gold wire. He describes also the pulpites but does not give treatment.

Modern odontology

The practice of modern odontology starts with work of Pierre Fauchard and its major work, the Dental surgeon, or Treated teeth (1728), where it presents to it in particular the installation of artificial teeth and the use of the strawberry to cut the teeth. In spite of that, this instrument is still put on side at the profit of traditional the hammer and Burin. The 20th century will have to be waited so that the development of specific tools becomes really its extensive. It also establishes a close relationship between the general health condition of a person with her dental health and sees in sugar one of the causes of the decays. Concerning the policy of treatment, he recommends the use of leadings to fill the cavities and thus to limit food waste being able to wedge itself there. But beside these projections, he recommends the baths of mouth with Urine.

An important technical projection take place in 1789, where an apothecary had the idea to use the Porcelaine in the place of the Ivoire of Hippopotame to manufacture artificial teeth. That thus made it possible to make them much more durable, whereas those out of ivory broke up.

Work of Louis Pasteur in Bactériologie makes it possible to make become aware of the importance of the sterilization. But this practice spends a certain time to enter manners of the odontologists, to be truly applied only to the 20th century.

The development of the Anesthesia, with work of the dentist Horace Wells, who in 1844 tries out on itself the Protoxyde of nitrogen, makes it possible to improve quality and comfort of the patients.

After the first courses of odontology towards 1807 given by Carl Ringelmann to Nürnberg in Germany, the first school specifically dedicated to this branch of medicine is open in 1839 to Baltimore with the the United States. Quickly, other schools are born everywhere in the world.

Specialities

The subject is in fact vaster than than one could believe first of all: to study the tooth consists in knowing the way in which it is born (Embryologie), the way of which it lives in the oral environment (Mastication) and the way in which it dies (nonneat Dental carie leading to a Nécrose tooth for example).

The tooth is not autonomous in the oral Cavité, it is a body with whole share which is crossed by a blood flow (vascularization) and nervous terminations (sensitivity). It evolves/moves in symbiosis with the Os in which it is also established and depends on the Gencive which surrounds it. The tooth is subjected to powerful constraints masticatoires, which had with the muscles manducateurs inserted on the jaw lower. It moreover is immersed permanently in the food Salive and liquids, whose Acidité can present considerable variations.

By extension odontology is the study of all that relates to the Physiologie, the Pathologie, the Thérapeutique of the teeth, their fabrics of support, the such Gencive, the jawbone and mandibulaire, as well as salivary secretions (1/2 ton per annum).

The deepening of medical knowledge led the odontologists to divide their activities into several disciplines:

preserving Odontology - care on the dental crown: treatment of the decays S…
Endodontie - care inside the dental roots: treatment endodontical…
surgical endodontics - surgery of the end of the dental roots: exérèse of granulomes and Cyst S…
Occlusion dental ( vulg. ) or occlusodontie, of which gnathology, occlusion neuromusculaire and occlusodontology: the role of the tooth and all the fabrics which surround it in the function stomatognathic manducatrice of the complex.
surgical odontology - surgery in connection with the teeth: avulsion of teeth wisdom, Canine S included…
prosthesis - all that relates to the reconstitution of the losses of substance of the teeth or the replacement of the teeth absent: removable crowns, Bridge S, prostheses…
parodontology - treatment of the diseases parodontales (pathologies of fabrics surrounding the teeth)
Implantologie - replacement of the teeth absent by " racines" artificial out of titanium, fixed in the bone.
Orthodontics - realignment of the teeth…
Pédodontie (or pediatric odontology) - dental care in the children
gerodontology - dental care of the very old person

Practical

In France, odontology is practiced by the dental surgeons, plus some doctors Stomatologue S. And the only speciality currently recognized is the Orthodontie (more precisely called dento-facial orthopedy).

In Belgium, it is practiced by the Bachelors in Dental Sciences, or " LSD" , and also some doctors Stomatologue S. the Orthodontics, or dento-facial Orthopedy, is also recognized like speciality, just like the Dentiste general practitioner and Parodontologue (parodontology).

Contrary to France, Belgium does not recognize any " today; Order of Dentistes". This one is " remplacé" by the Provincial Medical Commissions, created in 1817 in each Belgian and charged province, inter alia, to validate the diplomas.

On the other hand, three associations are representative of all the Belgian dental profession: Verbond der Vlaamse Tandartsen on the Dutch-speaking side of the country, Dental Company of Trade-union Medicine asbl and Dental Chambre asbl on the French-speaking side.

Reference

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