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The Montenegro (Venetian name meaning “black mountain”, Serb Crna Gora in , ЦрнаГора into Serb Cyrillic) is a republic of the Balkans.

Montenegro is bordered by the Adriatic Sea and is frontier Croatia, Bosnia-Herzégovine, Serbia (including Kosovo) and Albania. The principal cities of the republic are the capital Podgorica (Titograd of 1945 to 1992) with 170.000 inhabitants, Nikšić (75 000) and Pljevlja (37 000). The old royal capital is Cetinje which also holds the title of “capital of throne” ( prestonica ).

History

See also: History of Montenegro

The Montenegro , although become recently independent in 2006, has a long story of several centuries as a semi-indépendant duchy then autonomous principality, then as an independent kingdom in 1910, before its annexation as a province of the Royaume of Yugoslavia in 1918. The shortly after the Second Hardly world, the Kingdom was dissolved under the new Communist regime and the province became an autonomous republic of the socialist Federal republic of Yugoslavia.

The Parliament of Montenegro officially proclaimed the independence of the Community country old of States of Serbia-and-Montenegro (which had been founded in a transitory way in 2003 after dissolution of the Federal republic of Yugoslavia) in the evening of the June 3rd 2006, this one coming immediately into force.

The Icelandic Minister for the Foreign affairs Geir Haarde announced to have recognized Montenegro like an independent and sovereign country, thus making Iceland the first country in the world recognize independence Montenegrin, the Russia encasing the step to him the June 11th, while becoming thus the first great power to be made it, followed as of the June 13rd, of the the United States, the the United Kingdom, and the France which adopted the same attitude, just like the Serb government.

The June 22nd, Montenegro becomes the 56e Member State of SOEC. Then the June 28th, it is allowed as a 192e Member State of UNO.

The October 15th 2007, it signs a Accord of stabilization and association with the European Union.

Geography

See also: Geography of Montenegro

Montenegro is located in the Balkans. It is a territory of form relatively rectangular, bordered in the South by the Adriatic Sea, in the West by the Croatia and the Bosnia-Herzégovine, in North by Serbia, the North-East by the Kosovo) and finally in South-east by the Albania.

The territory Montenegrin extends from the high mountains at the border with Serbia and Albania - part of the Karst S of the west of the Balkan Peninsula - to a narrow coastal plain from two to six kilometers broad. This plain stops abruptly in North, at the place where the Mont Lovcen and the Orjen plunge in the Bouches of Kotor. Thus, although having a broad outlet on the sea, the country does not have important port because of a very broken littoral.

The karstic area of Montenegro is at approximately 1.000 m of altitude, certain parts going up to nearly 2.000 m, like the mount Orjen (1 894 m), culminating point of the coastal chains limestones. The valley of the Zeta is the lowest zone, with an altitude from approximately 500 Mr. Montenegro has some natural cavities.

The mountains of Montenegro count among the most broken grounds in Europe and among the parts which were eroded in the Balkan Peninsula during the last glacial era. The territory culminates with the Zla Kolata, in the mounts Prokletije, at an altitude of 2.534 Mr.

Name of the country

The Serb name or Montenegrin of Montenegro, Crna Gora , can result literally in “black mountain”, in reference to the dark forests which recovered the the dinaric Alps formerly.

The name of the country, in the majority of the languages of Western Europe, including in French, Italian or English, is drawn from the term Vénitien assembles negro , which with the same significance and probably goes up at the time of the domination of Venice on the area, with the Moyen-âge.

Other languages, in particular those spoken with the immediate surroundings, adopted their own translations of the expression: it is thus the case of the Albanian ( Mali I Zi ), of the Greek (Μαυροβούνιο), of the Rumanian ( Muntenegru ), of the Turkish ( Karadağ ), of the Russian ( Черногория ) or even of the Icelandic ( Svartfjallaland , i.e. “country of the black mountain”).

Administrative subdivisions

See also: Subdivisions of Montenegro

From the administrative point of view, Montenegro is divided into 21 “municipalities” ( Opština into Serb), gathering each one a principal city of which it bears the name.

Demography

See also: Demography of Montenegro

Linguistic groups

By langue :

Language Montenegrin

The language Montenegrin E is the Serbe in its alternative iékavienne. The freedom fighters Montenegrins insist to call it Montenegrin . The government caused a protest movement in the professors in favor of the union with Serbia by wishing that the handbooks call only “  language maternelle  ” (and not “  Serb   ”) the spoken language in Montenegro. Moreover, since the accession with independence, the Serb ones of Montenegro which represents 44  % of the population claim their linguistic autonomy.

Even if certain linguists still use the Serbo-croatian term of to define the spoken language in Montenegro, in Serbia, Bosnia-Herzégovine and Croatia, officially the Serbo-croatian does not exist any more, each country naming its language: Serb Montenegrin , , Bosnian (even bosno-Serb or bosnien according to the writing used) or Croatian .

There is Isoglosse between these languages (the speakers include themselves/understand spontaneously, without translator): their definition is thus historical and political. On the other hand, there are differences partial of lexicon (certain words, certain conjugations or variations vary) and especially a difference in alphabet: it is Cyrillic and Latin in Serbia (with a current use of the Latin alphabet apart from the official situations) and in the Serb République of Bosnia, but Latin in Croatia and in the Fédération of Bosnia-and-Herzégovine. To Montenegro, the use of the Latin alphabet progresses quickly since the end of Yugoslavia at the expense of the Cyrillic one.

Ethnico-monk groups

The question of the ethnic composition, just like that of the language, is in the middle of a political quarrel in Montenegro: ethnic identity Montenegrin not being clearly defined. A survey on the ethnic origin of the Montenegrins realized in 2003 and available on the site of the crown prince gives the suivants  results;:

  • Population totale : 620  145
  • Montenegrins  : 267  669 (43,16  %)
  • Serb  : 198  414 (31,99  %)
  • Bosnian  : 48  184 (7,77  %)
  • Albanian  : 31  163 (5,03  %) of which 70  % of Moslems and 30  % of Moslem catholics
  •  : 24  625 (3,97  %)
  • Croatian   : 6  811 (1,10  %)
  • Rroms  : 2  601 (0,42  %)
  • autres : 41  271 (6,56  %)

The ethnic distribution in Montenegro is not homogeneous, the Albanians are located as a majority at the East and the South-west of the country; at the borders of Montenegro and Serbia and at the borders with Albania. The Moslems and Bochniaques (term which indicates the same national group basically, the Slavic ones of the south Islamized) live in majority in the northern zone called also Sandjak. As for the distribution Serb-Montenegrins; it was very fluctuating in time not because of shifts in population but well because people can successively declare Montenegrins or Serb mainly according to their political options (souverainism/federalism). One can however define two zones roughly speaking where the Serb ones are more numerous than the Montenegrins, the area of Sandjak and the coastal region. The small Croatian minority is localized for its almost totality in bay of Kotor.

The Albanians of Montenegro represent 10  % of the population and are mainly of Moslem confession. They are especially in the south of Montenegro at the border with Albania. Their names were slavisés and their names subdivided in: malsor , shqitar and albanski .

Policy

See also: Political of Montenegro

Montenegro is the first country of the world to have registered environmental protection in its Constitution (in 1992).

Economy

See also: Economy of Montenegro

Culture

Sport

After independence, the sporting federations national Montenegrins were founded, of which the Fédération of Montenegro of football. Other federations are in the course of constitution, like the Montenegrin Federation of speleology.

See too

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