Occitanie during the French revolution

Historical evolution of the territory occitan during the French revolution, of 1788 to 1795.

Abolition of the historical States

Already, right before beginning the French revolution, in 1788, the noble ones of the Dauphiné required that new Territorial Assemblies be substituted for the old provincial States. At the same time, the Parliament of Bordeaux tried to prevent the constitution of the Parliament of the Limousin.

The aristocracy of Provence asked decentralization and for the local prevalence . In 1787, Loménie de Brienne, archbishop of Toulouse, tried to prevent the reforms of Calonne, which wanted to increase the taxes, to abolish the internal customs as well as the Gabelle and to reduce the power of the local parliaments. The May 5th 1788, Lamoignon, chancellor of the Parliament of Paris, tried to modify the legal system by abolishing the court of the noble ones.

In Provence, the civil servants were chosen by an assembly of communities, enemy of the people. In December 1787, following pressures, the States of Provence are joined together. But the nobility dominated there, so that at winter 1788-1789 exploded of the confused revolts in Aix, Toulon and Marseilles. At the same time, the Parliament of Béarn refuses to accept the military intendant and expels it, thus defying Paris.

In 1785 the Dauphine one was the most industrialized zone France, and convenes States Provinciaux, celebrated in Grenoble between the first December 1788 and on January 16th, 1789 and where produdiren first conflicts for the representation. Mounier none will be chosen by it, but in June 1789 the gangsters attacked the stores and carried the meal, Simultanément, into 1790 they|they burned the palate of the duke of Aguillon with Agen and the Parliament of Complaints would vote sound|their autodissolution.

Occitane participation in the Revolution

Occitanie took an active part rather in the Revolution. Since 1789 the Party was made extremely with the Girondin country (that it|it receives this name|first name of the region of Gironda, in Bordeaux, from where many the leaders were originating). They|They were volterians influenced for|by the North-American revolution, which claimed more capacity for the provinces and departments. The principal leaders of Gironde occitans would be the Limousin Pierre Vergniaud (1753-1793), president of Convention in January of 1793, and the Marseillais Charles Barbaroux (1767-1794). Another posterior group was the Club since Breaking into leaf, known as thus to gather in this monastery aquità, of the moderate Jacobins who defended the constitution of 1791 and were opposed to the execution of the king were. Principal heads|courses were the alvernès Marquis of Fayette (1757-1834), hero of the War in the U.S.A.; the Of Provence one|of Provence Emmanuel-Joseph Sièyes (1748-1836), author of the studies Test on the privileges (1788) and What the Third State (1789), which in 1799 would belong to the Directory and would be accessory to the blow to Brumari and one of the three consuls; the dalfinès Antoine-Pierre Barnave (1761-1793) diputat by Grenoble carried out for|by Robespierre, and the French|French Jean Bailly, also carried out in 1793.

Initially, the revolution was very accepted. Provençaux Mirabeau and Pascalis required the re-establishment of old|antiques rights and autonomies to Béarn and Provence, but Pascalis was carried out in 1790, and its|their partisans, from rural middle-class men and ruined aristocrats, will not receive the support of the village|populate.

1790 Latrosne abolished the old one|antique provincial division and France divided into 25 general information, 250 districts and 4.500 sides, which were concretized in 1793 in 81 departments, of which 31 corresponded to territory occitan. Each one of them had a Justice of the Peace, and in this manner the Provincial Assemblies of 1787 and the Taxes withdrew definitively abolished, considered anachronistic. Chart of the French areas in 1789 Chart of the French areas in 1789

In addition, the Declaration of the Human rights suprimí the old one|antique division of France in five tax zones, so that everyone was equalized at the time to pay taxes. June 12th, 1790 the Venaissin County, which had already risen against the popes the 1659-1662 and in 1665, was proclaimed independent, and on August 18th, 1791, for|by 70 votes against 19, decided to incorporate in France.

Endemés, in 1792 the girondí Barbaroux proposed Petion and Roland to be established with a Republic it|it carries Midi, and to later conquer since here North, if the things did not suit them well. Thus, the Marseilles volunteers arrived at Paris and took part in the establishment of National Convention (July 1792). The montpellerí Joseph Cambon (1756-1820) was to advise finances in 1793.

For|Per September 1792 the French general D' Anselme occupied Nice with 7.000 Marseillais and expelled the count of Saint-Andrew there. January 3rd, 1793 sound would be approved|their incorporation in France, one would introduce there the French laws and institutions, and it|it would belong to the department of Aups Maritims. Three years, in 1796, and ratified later with the fall of Napoleó, it|it would return|would return to hands of Savoia.

Repression and Terror

Nevertheless, reaction of Terror on behalf of Robespierre I Danton, as well as the fall and execution of the leaders of Gironde, it|it would cause a spiral of insurrections to the country occitan. July 7th, 1793 a federalistic revolt occurred in Bordeaux, drowned|choked in blood for the envoys Isabeau and Tallien, which it mayor and 881 resistant more guillotinèrent. But this éperonna on July 12th the revolt of Toló, where they|they carried out with the prefect Jacobin Jacob Sevestre and Hood called at the request of assistance the English admiral. Napoleó I Bonaparte would conquer it on December 18th of 1793 and would reduce the population|city in a fourth part, at the same time as it|it sent 12.000 tolonesos to make forced labors. At the same time, from July 12th to August 25th sublevava also Marseilles, which finally was dominated by Doppet I Carteaux. The revolts in general would finish, and only on August 9th, 1799 I caused myself an agitated news of peasants with Tolosa, which was very hard repressed.

Linguistic persecution

To finish giving the blow of thanks to the country, it only missed tackling the language. Already on June 17th, 1789 the National Assembly declared the " national unit of France" , on the initiative of the Gascon|Gascon bigordià Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac, who endemés proposed that the official language was only the French|French.

Hitherto, French was the language of the administration, and the other languages were discriminated, but at all systematic object of persecution. Even some kings it|they liked it to carry interpreters to the provinces. The first proposal would leave people the country, like Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, bishop of Autun, which in a Report/ratio on state education it|she affirmed that it was necessary to establish with the citizens some new feelings, some new practices, some new practices|clothes. The decree of January 14th, 1790 promoted the translation and the difussió of messages to the languages|words regional, where it|it would detach there the Languedocien Dugàs, writer of the POINT he|it CARRIES DAY. But the Gascon|Gascon Barère de Vieuzac was opposed to him, who of the public submitted a report/ratio of the 27 of January 1794 when it|she affirmed that feudalism and the superstition speak baixbretó, the emigration and hatred with the republic speaks German, the counter-revolution speaks Italian|Italian, and fanaticism speaks Basque.

To finish fattening it|to salt, on August 8th, 1793 the abbot lorenès Henri Gregoire, bishop of Blois since 1791 and which hated the patois, especially Provençaux, would present to Convention Rápport on the need you them average for destroying the patois to universalize you uses it of the French language, where it|it treats the languages|words buildings with a contempt without precedent hitherto, and virtual elimination as a " proposes some; counter-revolutionaries and réactionnaires". Thus, on May 12th, 1794 the Municipal council of Marseilles prohibits the representation of plays into Of Provence|of Provence because the unit of the French|French must exist even in the language, and at the same time made suprimir the Occitanes Academies.

Once finished Terror, the linguistic policy of persecution against the new demons, the patuesos, continued. January 27th, 1794 the French|French becomes by decree the obligatory language in all the public acts, while on June 4th the use of the patois is interdict in the public acts. Endemés, in the report/ratio of July 9th, 1794 the Delegate of the Department of the VAr qualifies the occitan extravagant jargó of this region. Endemés, on June 4th, 1794 the proposals of the report/ratio of Gregoire were made public, so that one proposes the exclusive use of the French|French with the municipal discussions, as well as modification of the signs and names|first names of the streets.

Afterwards, once|COP finished Terror, the pressure would be slackened. October 25th, 1795 the foixenc Josèp Lakanal skilfully changed the direction of the Law of enseignament OF the French|French so that it|it should not be expressly IN French|French. Endemés, the republic of then had neither the money nor of the mankind in order to conclude it… in this century

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