The numerical adjective qualifies all Donnée or Variable whose values are numbers. When the Ensemble of the values is not continuous, it is said that it is discrete. In this case, it can even be limited to some Chiffre S.

Principle

A numerical Système is a system which uses the numbers, very often the Binary system, in order to acquire, to process, transmit, store or post data (or data), rather than a continuous spectrum of values (a system Analogique) or of nonnumerical Symbole S such as letter S or Icône S.

Differentiation between “numerical” and “analogical” (or “symbolic system”) can hear the means of acquisition data, the storage and transfer of the data, the inner working of the apparatus, or the type of posting.

Use

The numerical word is generally employed in the Informatique and the electronic , especially when information is converted with the binary format such as in the Digital audio or the Numeric photography. Such signals comprising of the data can transmit two types of electronic or optical pulsations: logic 1 (pulsation present) or logic 0 (pulsation goes away). The numerical term is often symbolized by the préfix “E”, such as one sees in the words E-mail and e-book, although certain electronic systems are not completely numerical.

Noises and the numerical one

When data are transmitted, a certain level of Bruit enters the signal. This can result from a myriad of causes:
  • the data transmitted by the radio can be badly received, or suffer from Interférence resulting from other sources from radio, or many background noises resulting from the remainder of the universe mix with the signal of origin.
  • the electric pulsations sent through wire are attenuated by the resistance wire and dispersed by its capacitance, these wire are subjected to electromagnetic fields which induce currents parasite S.
  • the variations of Température, of hygroscopy, etc, can increase or decrease these effects.
an analogical signal fatally arrives deformed, sometimes completely distorted with its recipient.
  • Although the digital transmissions also undergo degradations, the modifications will remain sufficiently tiny to be negligible, indeed all the variations will be eliminated with the reception, a value of the signal will be interpreted like the value nearest possible.

    Historical numerical systems

    Whereas the numeric signals are in general associated with the numerical electronic systems binary S used in modern electronics and in data processing, many numerical systems existed during the previous centuries and were not to in no case electronic.
    • a luminous Balise is perhaps the simplest example of a numeric signal which is not electronic, with two states (walk and stop). More particularly, the smoke markers are one of the oldest examples of the numeric signals, where an analogical carrier (smoke) is modulated by a cover in order to generate a numeric signal which transports information.

    • the DNA is composed of a long sequence of four type of molecule (has, C, G, and T), it is in fact a basic numerical system 4. (In fact, in the structure Double helix, there exist two bits, but one of them is never read.) Each one of these figures is an organic, known molecule under the name of a nucleotide. The DNA is the major system of transfer of information between the Génération S, the evolution thus developed its numerical properties in a method of communication robust

    • the Code Morse employs five numerical states: , not milked, small pause (between each letter), average pause (between the words), and long pause (between the sentences); in order to send messages by using a variety of different carriers such as electricity, or the light.

    • indication Sémaphore uses needles or flags posted in positions private individuals in order to send messages to the containers.

    • the flags of maritime Signalisation international have distinctive marks which represent the letters of the alphabet so that the boats can be sent messages.

    • more recently, a Modem module an analogical signal carrying (such as a sound) in order to encoder the binary numerical electronic informations, in a series of pulsations of its numerical binary. In addition, a reliable version of the same concept consisted to parcel up a sequence of information of signal digital audio and information without signal " No signal" information (c'est-with-dire.le “its” and “silence”) on a Magnetic band for a use with the first Computer S.

    See too

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