Nubie

The Nubie is today an area of the south of the Egypt, skirting the Nile, and of the north of the Sudan - in antiquity, Nubie was an independent kingdom.

The inhabitants of Nubie speak at least two dialects about the Nubian group, a family of theSaharan one which includes the Nobiin, the Kenzi/Dongola, the Midob and other variations.

The Birgid, a particular dialect, was spoken until the beginning about the Années 1970 in north about Nyala in Sudan, in Darfur. The old Nubian was used in the majority of the religious texts between.

History

See also: Kingdom of Koush

Prehistory

The most former known inhabitants of Nubie are the Badarie NS, followed Amratie NS then Gerzée NS, called civilizations of the “group has”. Since the installation of Gerzéens, Nubie really started to be formed - period which corresponds to the advent in Egypt of, about the year -3100. Gerzéens were in the beginning wandering people, which settled in Nubie to become stockbreeders, dealing of sheep, goats and some cows. They are characterized by their funerary potteries and their rites, very different from those of the Egyptians.

The culture gerzéenne declined in the neighborhoods of the XXVIII E, succeeded by civilizations known as of the “group B”. It was sometimes considered that the people of the group B had invaded Nubie - it is thought today that the group B is resulting from group A. These people were much poorer than the precedents, and much fewer. An attack or plunderings, probably Egyptian are thus supposed, which would have caused a crisis in Nubie.

With the trade in Egypt, Nubie succeeds in acquiring a certain standard of living and of stability. Around the Egyptian woman, Nubie was divided into small kingdoms - there is debate concerning the membership or not kingdoms with hypothetical “a group C”. One notices the astonishing similarity between the potteries of old of the group has and those of the group C, pretense to indicate either a nostalgia of the latter, or a return of the first. The desert of the Sahara was at this sufficiently intolerable time to partly cause the sudden exodus of the wandering people which resided at it normally, taking refuge then in Nubie.

Civilizations of the group C, the first to unify the areas around it was that of the kingdom of Kerma - kingdom which holds its name of the city of Kerma, that one supposes to have been his capital. After the alarm clock of Egypt under the New Empire, the Egyptian troops extended to the south. Under the reign of Thoutmôsis {{Ier}}, towards -1520, all Nubie of north was annexed.

The Kingdom of Koush

During the Third intermediate period (- 1085/-750), Nubie recovered its independence. In the basin of the average Nile a " was constituted then; worsen koushite" who went perdurer during some thousand years. This period is traditionally divided into two times: that of Napata, which lasted from -750 to -300, and that of Méroé, which lasted from -300 to 340.

Time napatéenne

The kingdom of Koush took again many Egyptian traditional practices, in particular their religion, and the Pyramide S. the kingdom survives longer than that of Egypt, invading even this last lasting it to the VIII E. Towards -660, the Pharaons koushites are pushed back towards their area of origin, Nubie, and form in Napata an original kingdom, synthesis of the Nubian and Egyptian influences.

Towards -591, following the forwarding of Psammétique {{II}} against Koush, the capital leaves Napata for Méroé, in the middle of nilotic Sudan. To this fact the hardening of the climatic conditions had been added; what relegated North to secondary functions.

Meroitic time

As from years -315/-295, the rupture (ever completed) of with the Egyptian model is accentuated. Local features (nubio-Sudanese) affirm their preponderance in the politico-monk plan, in particular.

Indeed, under Nastasen (- 335 to -315), Méroé charmed in Napata the last great functions which remained to him. They was those of place of crowning and burial of the sovereigns.

It is in this context that the advent of the Candace S took place, of the queens exerting indeed the supreme political power. The effectivity of their statute and functions imperial is translated by the royal titles which they carry and which are borrowed from the Pharaonic protocol. They are Its-Re , Neb-tawy and n-swt-bity . It is translated by the majestic gesture to massacre the enemies which, since Narmer, expresses the triumph of the reigning sovereign. It finds also an echo in the Bible.

During the Roman epoch, the koushites traded with the Romans, and were also dreaded mercenaries.

During this time, the various areas were divided into more armed small groups, directed by a general. They fought for the control of Nubie, leaving the area weak and vulnerable to any attack. Noba benefitted from it to conquer Nubie - it is even possible that the name of the area their is due, unless " Nubie" comes from the Egyptian word Nub, the Or. Since this time, the Romans called them Nobatae.

Nubie Christian woman