See also: Novalis (homonymy)
Novalis , of its true name Friedrich Leopold, Freiherr von Hardenberg (May 2nd 1772 with Oberwiederstedt in Saxony - March 25th 1801 with Weißenfels), is a poet and German novelist .
Life
Friedrich von Hardenberg (1772-1801) is the second boy of a family of eleven children, born from the couple formed by Auguste Bernhardine Freifrau von Hardenberg, born von Bölzig (1749 - 1818), and Heinrich Ulrich Erasmus Freiherr von Hardenberg (1738 - 1814).Novalis is a pseudonym which the young man in 1798 for his first important publication chooses, Blüthenstaub , ( Grains of pollen ), together of poetic and philosophical fragments published in the review of the Schlegel brothers, Athenäum . This pseudonym refers in the name of an ancestral family field ( of novale ), it also indicates in Latin the ground in waste land. Novalis was born on the field from his/her father with Oberwiederstedt in Prussian Saxony. His/her parents were affiliated with the church Moravienne (Herrnhuter) and its strict religious education is found largely in its literary work.
Gymnasium of Eisleben (equivalent of the college), it passed in 1790 to the University of Iéna, as a student in philosophy, where it bound friendship with Friedrich von Schiller. Then he studied the right to Leipzig, where he became the friend of Friedrich Schlegel in 1792, then with Wittenberg, where, in 1794, he obtained his license. The Novalis young person meets in 1795 the Fichte philosopher at Niethammer, in company of Hölderlin, another great figure of philosophical poet of the time. The work of Fichte, the Doctrines of Science ( Die Wissenschatslehre ), devoted to Ego free and creative, exalté and fascinated the young generation. The cousin of the father of Novalis, the minister Prussia Hardenberg, offered to Novalis a governmental station with Berlin; but his/her father, fearing the influence of the dépravés statesmen, sent it to learn the practical aspect from his profession under the direction of Kreisamtmann (administrator of the district) of Tennstedt, close to Langensalza.
In Tennstedt, Novalis meets the young person Sophie von Kühn (then 12 years old), to whom it becomes engaged secretly in 1795. The untimely death of the Sophie young person, which has occurred in 1797, upset Novalis which lived this disappearance like an authentic mystical experiment, philosophical and poetic. In the brief and upsetting Newspaper which it holds after the death of Sophie, Novalis pays to dated May 13rd, 1797 the vision transfiguratrice who is at the origin of one of the largest lyric texts of the Romanticism, the Hymnen year die Nacht ( Hymnes at the Night , first publication in 1800 in the Athenäum ). A few months after the disappearance of Sophie, it entered to the mines of Freiberg to follow a very complete training of engineer. It is there that he learns infinitesimal mathematics, chemistry and especially geology, under the direction of Abraham Gottlob Werner (1750-1817), that he immortalisa under the features of the “Master” ( Meister ) in the text Die Lehrlinge zu Knows ( the disciples with Know ). It became engaged again in 1798, with Julie von Charpentier. The three last years of its short existence were extremely profitable in terms of poetic creation and philosophical speculation. With the autumn 1799, it lute with Iéna in front of an admiring circle of young people romantic poets its Geistliche Lieder , of which some, like Wenn ale untreu werden, Wenn ich ihn nur hab or Unter tausend frohen Stunden still very popular and are used today as religious anthems. In 1800, it was named Amtshauptmann (local magistrate) with Thuringe, and prepared to marry with Julie von Charpentier when it contracted a Phtisie. He died the following year with Weißenfels (his/her friend Friedrich Schlegel attended its last hours).
Since 1802, its first German works were published in two volumes by his/her friends Ludwig Tieck and Friedrich Schlegel. The historical and critical German edition of reference of Novalis Schriften was established in the years 1960 per Paul Kluckhohn and Richard Samuel.
Work
The work of Novalis is as well arts person, poetic that philosophical. Having published very little of alive sound, Novalis is in particular the author of theoretical thousands of notes, combining natural science, poetry, religion, policy and philosophy. The essence of these notes, taken between 1798 and 1799, belong to a unit entitled Das allgemeine Brouillon ( the general Draft ). The encyclopedic spirit of this first romanticism, also present at Friedrich Schlegel which projected a literary Encyclopedia, brings closer to a certain way this romanticism of systematic philosophy of the German idealism .This current designates the principal philosophers (Fichte, Schelling, Hegel) who sought, after Kant, and partly against him, has to carry out a complete system of the human knowledge. Novalis imagines in its Brouillon general a specific form of knowing total whose art, and especially poetry, are the keystone. In the middle of the reflection of Novalis, the search for a magic idealism is which combines spiritual power and literary creation. The purpose of this idealism is to synthesize different forms (like the subject and the object), but to as make occur thanks to creative imagination a total harmony as Novalis calls, after the noeplatonicians, the Age of gold .
Finally, it is in the writing that Novalis endeavoured to carry out its dream of supreme unit, in particular with major poetic texts like the Hymnes at the night , the spiritual Chants , or with its account in prose, the Disciples with Know . Its chief of work is undoubtedly his large unfinished novel, Henri d' Ofterdingen , located in a mythical medieval universe, which will be published after its death by his/her friend Ludwig Tieck. It is in the latter work that the expression become famous of blue Fleur appears ( Die blaue Blume ). At Novalis, this flower symbolizes the absolute love that Henri carries in Mathilde but also the union of the dream and the real-world, which was one of the broad objectives of the romanticism. This complex and unfinished novel carries the very high poetic ideal of the romanticism, expressed by fragment 116 of the review Athenaeum , devoted to romantic poetry " universal progressive".
Complete works
- Novalis Schriften : the original edition of reference, history and critical, appeared in 6 volumes, published by Richard Samuel and Paul Kluckhohn in collaboration with Hans-Joachim Mähl and Gerhard Schulz, Stuttgart, Verlag W. Kohlhammer, 1960-2006.
French translations
Art and Utopie. Last fragments, 1799-1800 , transl. Olivier Schefer, Paris, National university, Aesthetica collection, 2005.Seeds , transl. Olivier Schefer, Paris, Combined, 2004.
Le Monde must be romantized , transl. Olivier Schefer, Paris, Allia, 2002. the general Draft , transl. Olivier Schefer, Paris, Combined, 2000.
the Fragments (preceded by the Disciples with Know ), transl. Maurice Maeterlinck, Paris, Jose Corti, 1992 (last edition).
Complete Works , transl. Armel Guerne, 2 volumes, Paris, Gallmard, 1975.
the encyclopedia , transl. Maurice de Gandillac, Paris, Midnight, 1966.
Works on the romanticism
Resonances of the romanticism , Olivier Schefer, Brussels, the stolen Letter, 2005.the poetic Shape of the world. Anthology of the German romanticism , translated and commented on by Charles the White, Laurent Margantin and Olivier Schefer, Paris, Jose Corti, 2003.
the romantic Challenge , Michel Breaking, Paris, Flammarion, 2002 (réed).
Poetry of the infinite one. Novalis and the esthetic question , Olivier Schefer, Brussels, the stolen Letter, 2001.
first German romanticism , Ernst Behler, transl. Elisabeth Décultot and Christian Helmreich, Paris, Puf, 1996.
the concept of criticism esthetic in the first German romanticism , Walter Benjamin, transl. Philippe-Lacoue Labarthe and Ane-Marie Lang, Paris, Flammarion, 1986.
literary Absolute. Theory of the literature of the first German romanticism , transl. Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe, Jean-Luc Nancy (with the collaboration of Anne-Marie Lang), Paris, the Threshold, 1978.
Genesis of the German romanticism , Roger Ayrault, Paris, Sapwood, 4 volumes, 1961-1976.
the romantic heart and the dream , Albert Béguin, Paris, Jose Corti, 1939.
External bonds
- the French-speaking site of the romantic poet German Novalis
- Aquarium - Novalis on the Net
- a place of memory á Weißenfels/Saale: the house of Novalis
- Creation and nomination: starting from Novalis, by the pr. Alain BASKET MAKER
Simple: Novalis
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