See also: Normandy (homonymy)

|- valign=" top" | Language S official | Continental Normandy: French
Normandie insular: English |- valign=" top" | Others Dialect S | Norman, Jersey, Guernesiais |- valign=" top" | Capital historical | Rouen (and Caen) |- valign=" top" | Sovereignty: | France; Channel Islands |- valign=" top" | Surface
  - Total
  - Continental |
17  783 km {{2}}
17  589 km {{2}} |- valign=" top" | Population
  - Total (estim. 2005)
  - Density |
env. 3.300.000 habitants
env. 110 hab. /km in moy. |} The Normandy is a old country of Europe of the North-western of the France which first of all occupied the low valley of the the Seine in 911, then Mans and Bayeux in 924, the Cotentin, the Avranchin and the islands of the English Channel in 933. Duchy of 911 with 1204, the insular part (Anglo-Norman) of Normandy, except Chausey, formed the bailliage S of Jersey and Guernesey while its continental part (French) became a French historical province after 1204.

Very stable, the continental borders of this old province agree rather accurately, except some territories incorporated in current the Eure-et-Loir, Mayenne, Oise and the Sarthe during the creation of the general information S and some common wedged exchanged with the Mayenne after the creation of the department S to the Révolution, with the Calvados, the the Eure, the Manche, the Orne and the Seine-Lower .

At the time contemporary, Normandy remains a space géographico - Culture L of which three territorial collectivities bear the name in division: both areas administrative S, under French Sovereignty , of High-Normandy and Basse-Normandie; the Duchy of Normandy, composed of the bailliage S of Jersey and Guernesey, on which the Monarques of Great Britain exert the Souveraineté under the title of “Duc of Normandy”.

History

See also: History of Normandy

Following its creation in 911 by the Treated Saint-Clearly-on-Epte between the Viking Rollon and Charles Simple the, on a portion of old the Neustrie defined by the Treated of Verdun of 843, the Duché of Normandy added territories to the west: in 924, central Normandy (Bessin, Country of Trough and Hiémois); in 933 the Cotentin and islands, today “Anglo-Normans”, located at the West of Cotentin. Those remained under the sovereignty of the British crown (Normandy and the England having done only one 1066 with 1204) contrary to the continental part become French in 1204. About 1009, the grounds between Sélune and Couësnon disputed before in Brittany, were attached to Normandy.

Normandy was important a duchy, independent of the kingdom of France of 911 with 1204.

Descendant of Rollon, William the Conqueror invades, in 1066, the England, of which he becomes the sovereign, under the name of Guillaume Ier of England, after having gained the Bataille of Hastings. England remains thus associated with Normandy until in 1204, date on which Philippe Auguste confiscates the strongholds of Jean Without Ground under the terms of the feudal right condemning the act of félonie made by this last by marrying Isabelle of Angouleme of force. However, the kings of England preserved the Channel Islands in their inheritance.

The conquest Norman of the England allowed the development of the Anglo-Norman language which gave rise to a Anglo-Norman Littérature very influential on the French Littérature. This also explains why the English language contains very many lexical loans of origin Latin E or Scandinavian by the means of the Anglo-Norman and the Former French.

See also: Norman

The Normands essaimèrent and managed often distant territories. They founded kingdoms and principalities in the Mediterranean: Robert Guiscard and Roger de Hauteville in Sicily and Italy of the South. Robert Burdet founded a principality in Spain after having taken Tarragone with the Moslems. Bohémond de Tarente founded the Principauté of Antioche whose territory is located in current the Turkey and Syria.

Jean de Béthencourt conquered the islands the Canaries in 1402.

In 1625, Pierre Belain d' Esnambuc took possession of the Martinique, the Guadeloupe, Saint-Christophe and Marie-Gallant.

See also: War One hundred Year old in Normandy

After the War One hundred Year old, Normandy was rebuilt and known one period ostentation in first half of the 16th century: the campaigns were covered with Manoir S and prosperity modified the face of the cities. The Large ones built splendid urban hotels by adopting the style of the Rebirth quickly. After 1550, wars of religion, then the heaviness of the taxes curbed this prosperity. The proximity of the England, with which the France is often in war between 1689 and 1815, makes of Normandy a ground of confrontations.

The colonists whom Normandy (in particular the Basse-Normandie) provided, with the News-France (Quebec) were among more undertaking (Cauchois Louis Hébert, was the first colonist to be settled in Quebec). Herve Dannemont, wire of a Master-glassmaker, born in Brix (50) on December 17th, 1635 became, in 1665, one of the first twenty French colonists of the Island of Bourbon.

Administratively, the continental part remained a Duché with whole share until in 1466, while concerned with the kingdom of France. It was then divided in Bailliage S, which were subdivided in Vicomté S going up at the time feudal and were removed in 1744 only. Later, a new cutting in election S tax appeared, which divided Normandy into two, then three Généralité S: those of Rouen and Caen in (1542) and that of Alençon in 1636. The insular part remained divided into two Bailliage S of Jersey and Guernesey.

Before the French revolution, the province of French Normandy also formed, like the majority of the old provinces a military Gouvernement of Normandy, except a government particular to the Havre.

The French province was then divided in 1790 into five department S: the Apple-brandy, the Handle, the Flowering ash, the the Eure, and Seine-Lower become Seine-Maritime.

In 1956, the three first were administratively gathered in the area of program of Basse-Normandie and the two last in that of High-Normandy. Since, the Réunification of Normandy by the regrouping of the five Norman departments is a recurring subject in the disputes of regional cutting.

As from the 18th century, the industrialization and the modernization of agriculture transformed the economy of the province.

See also: Battle of Normandy

Normandy suffered much from devastations of the Second world war and the unloading. Many agglomerations were destroyed during the allied bombardments.

Geography

Continental Normandy

Normandy does not have a geographical unit, being divided between two great natural areas of formations very different from the north of France: the Paris basin and the Armorican Massive . This distribution does not correspond besides to division between the two areas Normans because the limit crosses north to the south, the departments of the Calvados and Orne.

Geological diversity has as a consequence a certain diversity of the landscapes, in spite of very limited by the community of climate, moderated and wet. So certain landscapes (meadows, Scrap-metal S) are found with identical in many parts of Normandy which includes/understands a certain number of well characterized “countries”.

The traditional habitat is obviously strongly influenced by the geography and the geology, which determine construction materials available. The typical thatched cottage Norman (half-timberings of oak, cob, thatched roof) finds in particular country of Caux to the country of Trough, the brick house towards the east of the province, the calcareous stone-built house in the Apple-brandy (plain of Caen, Bessin, Cliff country) and the Flowering ash, that of granite in the English Channel, the west of the Flowering ash and the south-west of the Apple-brandy (gray granite and pink granite), without forgetting some schist houses in Suisse Norman.

The maritime coasts present very diverse aspects: high chalky cliffs of the Pays of Caux (Côte of Alabaster), at the foot of which extend from the beaches of Galet S, of vast sand beaches end of the Calvados (Pays of Trough and Bessin, Flowered Côte, Côte of Mother-of-pearl) and varied coasts of the Manche which present at the same time crystalline headlands high in the north of Cotentin (Cape of La Hague), of the parts of low and sandy littoral (towards Saint-Vaast and the Mont Saint-Michel).

Normandy knows important a erosion of its littoral which is mainly related to the Anthropisation. Approximately 60% of the beaches of the area tend to move back. The most active erosion relates to the littoral ranging between bay of the Mount Saint-Michel and the Cape of La Hague, in the west of the department of the Manche: the retreat can go up to five meters per annum on average. When with the blazon with 2 lions-léopardés it is also a French usurpation of September 1465 in November 1469, of the king making Louis XI made odhinnic trinity, and which had only 4 years transitory of existence. -->

Henri II Plantagenêt would have carried as count of Anjou a long blue shield undoubtedly charged with 8 gold lion cubs (as one can still admire it in Mans on the funerary plate of his father Geoffroy Plantagenêt) then would have reduced them to two lions, the size of the shields being shortened. The first seal of its third wire Richard Lion-hearted as of contemporary testimonys attest that it made initially use of one ecu with only one lion. Of return in England in 1194, it adopted a new seal with three lions/leopards posed one on the other. One of the assumptions is that Richard would have introduced the third leopard drawn from the blazon of his/her mother Aliénor of Aquitaine. Dukes of Aquitanian having one leopard. However, one does not know a heraldic representation with two leopards before Richard other than the ecu of his brother Jean without Ground like Count de Mortain before his accession with the throne. When continental Normandy became French, Philippe Auguste imported the heraldic royal one, while the insular Duché of Normandy (Channel Islands) preserved the blazon at three leopards, family emblem that the Plantagenêt S did not have any reason of modifier.

Among the dukes of Normandy resulting from the Capétiens, therefore French and at the time not recognized by Norman the Jean the Good carried the weapons of Valois ( of France old to the edge of mouths), and his/her son Charles, duke of Normandy and dolphin of Viennois carried a quartered of Valois and Viennese . To the 14th century, the armoriaux ones present already the ecu to two gold leopards for Normandy. But it was necessary to await 1465 to officially see appearing the two leopards in the weapons of a duke of Normandy, with Charles of France, until in 1466. Secured by the title of duke of Normandy of 1785 with 1789, the wire of Louis XVI, as for him, carried a quartered France and of Normandy to two leopards. Let us note that Robert d' Alençon, count of the Perche (+ 1371) seems to have left his weapons old Alençon broken of a châtelet and of Normandy to two leopards.

* Léopard is the name which the continental heraldists give to the lion passing of profile but whose head is turned towards the spectator. A pleasant legend makes this fantastic animal (without any connection with the leopard of the zoologists) the bastard one of a lioness and a pard, which is the male of the panther (itself kind of dragon spitting of fire). It was advisable thus for Capétiens to make fun of the Plantagenêt S and their “bastard” leopards, that the English of course describe like the Norman lions and more familiar like “p' tits cats”.

Norman flags

See also: Norman Flag

Four flags are currently of use in Normandy.

  1. the flag taking again the red blazon with two yellow leopards (called in Norman p' tits cats ), which hoist the majority of the town halls and other territorial collectivities Normans, including two district councils. He is very mainly recognized like emblem of Normandy for a long time and sees himself everywhere. Its popularity and its important diffusion on any support hold so that it identical to the armorial bearings of continental Normandy, is blasonné " mouths with two leopards of or" , which gave to the wire time the square banner then the current flag and the house. It is, as a blazon, the secular emblem of Normandy, often confused with the flag.
  2. the historical litigation on the Norman blazon led some to prefer a red flag with three yellow leopards (called in Normand the treis cats ), in spite of confusion with the emblems of the England induced by this choice.
  3. the Norman flag or flag with cross of Saint-Olaf, is a red flag decorated of a cross known as of Saint-Olaf, with Red Cross bordered of Or, lengthened with the leaf with the manner of the flags of the Scandinavian nations , i.e. according to the model of the flags of the countries and Scandinavian areas. This flag was created by Jean Adigard of Gautries in 1939. Because of the lack of notoriety of the flag of Saint-Olaf at his beginnings, some by aculturation, inserted two leopards there in the first district so that it is more easily identifiable like Norman emblem. One sees it on various supports, although the great majority of Norman makes use of the p' tits cats .
  4. both bailliages of Jersey and Guernesey and their dependences make use of their own flag.

Norman anthems

See also: My Normandy

  1. the song My Normandy , of Frederic Bérat, is voluntarily sung as a regional song in continental Normandy, and officially in Jersey.
  2. the song '' Sus me '' (on the sea) of Alfred Rossel is especially sung in the Cotentin. It is a song written in Normand.

Regionalism

See also: Reunification of Normandy, Norman Movement

The activity of Norman regionalism primarily aims at putting an end to the partition of Normandy dating from the creation of the French administrative areas in 1956 and to obtain the reunification of the current areas High and of Basse-Normandie.

Language

The language Norman: the languages Normans

See also: Norman, Norman Southerner

Normandy is shared between two used official languages with the daily newspaper: the French (in France) and the English (in the Channel Islands). Each language is however crossbred expressions and local words drawn from the regional languages (see also French of Jersey).

Principal the regional language of Normandy is the Normand, which includes/understands several linguistic forms (see Ligne Joret ). Nowadays, the Norman one generally gets along in the Cotentin and the Pays of Caux, like in the Channel Islands like the Jersey and the Guernesiais. Alfred Rossel, Louis Beuve (1869-1949) and Côtis-Capel (1915-1986), poets Cotentinais, are known figures.

The “Norman” term in the French language

Adjectivations

Large wardrobe; countryside Norman; Norman horse; cow Norman; coast Norman; incursions Normans; house Norman; answer Norman; Norman Hole.

Substantivations

  • Norman N. F. Character of Typography created by Haas in 1875, of the family of the Didot S very fatty with untied and the very fine footings used for the titles, subtitles, divisions of chapter or to emphasize certain passages.
  • Norman f.s. Plow of the Country of Caux, also used in Flanders, and returned to France under the name of the Brabant.
  • Norman m.s. old Currency of gold (the chicken known as " capon of Mans" , 1 Norman ½ was worth, that is to say 1 French ecu ½, or 1 mansais).
  • Normander (adj. Norman) v.a. To clean threshed corn.
  • Normandisme or Normanisme N. Mr. way of speaking particular with the Norman ones.

Familiar phrases

  • “ To have the bump Norman ”: to have the bump commercial.
  • “ Built like a large wardrobe ”: says itself of a quite constructed person, with the squat chest.
  • “ It is an end Normand ”: it is a very skilful man, very crafty one and with whom one should not trust.
  • “ Junior by Normandy ”: nobody not very fortunate, in reference with use that in Normandy the elder ones having almost all the family estate, it remained about it very little with their juniors.
  • “ To be skilful like a Norman priest ”: to be extremely awkward (word game on the name of Left-handed saint, Norman priest).
  • “ Opinion of Norman ”: conviction determined according to the risks of the economic situation.
  • “ Reconciliation Norman ”: simulated reconciliation.
  • “ To answer into Norman ”: not to yes answer neither nor not, as in the caricatural proverb “p' small fireclay cup Ben that yes, p' Ben small fireclay cup that not”.
  • “ Answer Norman ”: answer expressed in ambiguous terms.

Expressions

  • “ Norman Champagne ”: champagne cider.
  • “ Grape harvest Normans ”: period of harvest of cider apples.

Proverbs

  • “ Normandy makes Norman the ”
  • “ the Norman one turns around the stick, the Gascon jumps over ”
  • “ Norman its said and his withdrawal ”: the Norman ones do not engage easily, by probable allusion to the habit Norman granting twenty-four hours to retract a market.

Metric

  • “ Rhyme Norman ”: rhyme of a word in er ( E ), often an infinitive, with a word in er ( er' ) or in air , like “ to sing ” with “ the sea ” or “ to steal ” with “ in the air ”. This license largely practiced by the Pleiad and the poets of rests on a tradition which wanted that in declamation, one pronounces the R final infinitives with the rhyme.

Quotations

Let us support our rights well, stupid which is that gives;
It is thus towards Caen that very Normand reasons
BOILEAU . Epistles , II.

be at the court, if you want to like it,

Neither insipid flattering, nor too sincere speaker; sometimes
And try to answer into Norman,
LA FONTAINE . Fables , VII, 7.

“ When the Norman ones during several centuries had devastated France, not finding more anything to take, they accepted a province which was entirely deserted and divided it. ”

MONTESQUIEU . Rise and fall of the Romans , XIX.

“ the blood of the Danes and the Francs mixed together, then produced in this country these heroes whom one saw conquering England, Naples and Sicily. ”

JAUCOURT . Encyclopedia or reasoned dictionary of sciences, arts and the trades , vol. 11, p. 228.

“ the warlike spirit and quibbler, foreigner with the Anglo-Saxons, who made of England after the conquest, a nation of men-at-arms and scribes, it is the Norman pure spirit there. This sour sap is the same one on the two sides of the strait. ”

MICHELET . French history , III.

“ the old woman and powerful race which invades France, took and kept England, is established on all the coasts of the old world, raised cities everywhere, passed like a flood on Sicily by creating an admirable art there, beat all the kings, plundered the proudest cities, swindled the popes in their tricks of priests and played them, veined than these Italian pontiffs… ”

MAUPASSANT . Mr Parent .

That it is Normanz, if it mistook, it does not owe taken again estre of it, there is oneself of its language. ”

C. - with-D.: " Norman cannot be included in its langage" (Francois, francian & French being to a large extent tributaries of Norman, and not the reverse): RICHARD DE LISON .

“ Die normænner tauschten schnell ihre sprache für die romanische aus ”: " The Norman one is at the origin of the linguistic evolution of the roman"

FRIEDRICH DIEZ (linguist and German philologist) . Ueber die romanischen Schrifsprachen: " Grammar of the languages romanes" .

“ It is thus necessary to take guard well never not to regard the Norman ones as entirely romanized, because in reality they were it never; though they were established on the ground of midday, they always remained Scandinaves in spirit and conscience. ”

GISLI BRYNJULFSSON (Swedish of XIXème S.) . Of the old French novel and the influence exerted on its development by Norman the .

“ Normandy is neither a province, nor an assembly of departments, it is a nation. ”

EUGENE GIGAULT Of the BEDOLLIERE (French writer) . French painted by themselves (1841/42) . TO CHECK-->

Culture

See also: Culture of Normandy

  • Caen is the site of the Académie of Caen
  • Rouen is the site of the Académie of Rouen and is associated with the artistic movement of the school of Rouen
  • Flourishing Arts is in privileged residence with Caen
  • Literature Norman Why a bond towards an article which does not exist? -->

Sciences

See also: Scientific Norman

  • Caen is the site of GANIL, accelerator of heavy ions.

Gastronomy

See also: Kitchen Norman

The gastronomy Norman rests on the four principal products of its soils: the Apple, the Milk, the Meat and the Seafood. These abundant products constitute the base of many regional specialities.

Cider-producing area, Normandy uses the Pomme S, the Cidre and the apple-brandy in its kitchen. The Pear and the pear brandy also occur there. Old wine-producing area, it also uses the grape.

The Brandy of cider, called White, was called apple-brandy (by preoccupations with a parisianism), has its fame. The pommel, aperitif containing apple-brandy and of cider, is exported more and more.

The cow Norman and the Jersey are known for the quality of their Lait whose the Dairy products from the area and especially its Fromage S. derive.

Normandy is the first producing area of Huître S, mould S and scallops of France

Normandy is the native soil of Guillaume Tirel known as Taillevent, author of one of the first cookbooks: Viandier.

The Norman Trou is small glass of apple-brandy swallowed of only one blow right in the middle of the meal to stimulate the appetite.

Gastronomical products

Produced sea : seafood, oysters, moulds, scallops and lobster of the Cotentin; shrimps of Fécamp, Divine-on-Sea, Courseulles-on-Sea, Arromanches-the-Baths, Houlgate, Saint-Vaast-the-Hougue, Cherbourg, Honfleur, bay of the Mount Saint-Michel; oysters of Saint-Vaast-the-Hougue, Isigny-on-Sea, Granville; scallops of Dieppe, Grandcamp-Maisy; young ladies (small lobsters) of Cherbourg; sail needle, cod, place, turbot, bearded, plate, herring, smoothing iron (small mackerel), bar of line of Dieppe, Fécamp.

Meat : sheep and Lamb of salt meadow lamb; farm calf; farm pig; farm poultries.

Pork-butchery and meat offals : Andouille of Transfers; Andouillette of Alençon; black roll of Mortagne; white roll of Essay, Avranches; saveloy of the Eagle; ham of the Cotentin, Valognes; hedgehog mushroom of Neubourg; goose rillettes of Évreux; sanguette of Alençon; Tripe with the mode of Caen, out of skewer of Ferté-Macé, with the cream of Coutances, the mode of Authon-of-Pole, the cream of Longny

Cheese : Bondard, Face, Boursin, Brillat-savarin, Camembert cheese, Square of Bray, Square expenses, Cormeillais, Coutances, Excelsior, Slightly salted cream-cheese, Fine of century, Livarot, Neufchâtel, Paved Trough, Paved of Plessis, Small Switzerland, Pont-l'Ev4eque cheese, Trap door of Bricquebec.

Dairy products : Cream of Isigny; Butter of Isigny, Holy-Mother-Church, Valognes.

Vegetables : Carrot of Credits; Leek of Credits.

Fruits : Apple Calville , Rennet of Granville; Pear Deanery and Fig of Alençon, Good Louise of Avranches, Winter pear of Rouen; Cherry of Duclair

Drinks : Cider of the Country of Trough; apple-brandy of the Country of Trough, the Domfrontais, Prai known as Pear, pommel, Bénédictine (of Fécamp), core of Vernon, flip (mixture of cider, sweetens and brandy), Halbi (equal mixture of cider and pear), and Posset (equal mixture of milk and beer). Remain vineyards of Normandy to Saint-Pierre-on-Divine, a vintage known as " castle Lie" , white type of vine of good invoice, and another confidential of red around Dieppe.

Confectionery : cartons of Cliff; stoppers of Alençon; caramels with the cream of Camembert cheese; Caramels of Isigny; chew with the mint of Bayeux; Jam of milk; sweeten apple of Rouen; GUI-GUI of Saint-Aubin-sur-Mer; droppings of the stud farm; diamonds Norman S; Norman clamps; rollers of the Harbor; fruit pastes of the Notre-Dame Abbey of Protection; stones (or “old paving stones”) of Notre-Dame of Alençon; truffles with the Bénédictine; truffles with the apple-brandy.

Culinary specialities

Entries : hot andouille in the Bovary; Saint-Pierre crepes with the pommel; Camembert cheese croquettes; laminated of andouille, with Camembert cheese; tie up country of Caux, Fondue Norman; marinaded herrings of Honfleur; eggs let us tar; Omelet of the mother Poulard; quiche of Honfleur; Salad cauchoise; Salad Norman; blown of shrimps; Soup with grease, shallot of Avranches, moulds of Étretat, salmon of the Mount-Saint-Michel, country-woman of Mortain; tart with Camembert cheese, of black roll to apples.

Meat : ruails flambe with the apple-brandy; duck valley of Trough (roast accompanied by a bitter-sweet sauce with frozen of apples), with the cider, the morello cherries, in pot, with the rouennaise (with the press or roasted with a sauce with the red wine spiced and been dependant on the liver of duck); ox coast of Coutances; veal escalope valley of Trough; leg of Yvetot (boiled with white sauce with capers); rabbit with the cauchoise (marinaded with the white wine), with the Norman (with mustard and the apple-brandy); goose in stew of Alençon; foot of pig of Nickel silver; feet - of - sheep to the rouennaise (boned and stuffed with sausage meat breaded and accompanied by a Sauce rouennaise); guinea fowl valley of Trough, gratinée of the Andelys; Hen with the white; Chicken valley of Trough, jumped of Yvetot

Poisson : alose stuffed with Caudebec; eels of the Marsh Sliding gauge; bearded with the dieppoise; cod with the cauchoise, the dieppoise; vignots with the way of Chausey, the mode of the Tréport; chaudrée dieppoise; scallops with the dieppoise, the rouennaise; Young ladies of Cherbourg to the stroke; sea-bream with the granvillaise; wafers fécampoises (wafers of cod and potatoes breaded); herrings with the dieppoise, the fécampoise; with the rouennaise, the tréportaise; hot oysters with the pommel; mackerels with the dieppoise; Pot dieppoise; fish stew of Honfleur, Villerville; cod with the cherbourgeoise; whitings with the dieppoise, the mode of Cherbourg; salmon with the Norman (with the Cider); plate dieppoise, of Deauville, with the rouennaise, valley of Trough, Villerville; turbot with the fécampoise, the havraise; moulds with dieppoise; trouts with the bessinoise, the cauchoise, of Lisieux.

Sauces : sauce with the cauchoise (crayfish, moulds, oysters, mushrooms), sauce with the dieppoise (moulds, shrimps, mushrooms, white wine), Sauce Norman, Sauce rouennaise.

Bakery : rod Nickel silver ease; garot; bread Brie; bread of Cherbourg; bread garrot of the Cotentin; bread of Dieppe.

Pastry making : apple aumônières to the apple-brandy; nozzle of Flers; apple fritters; Bourdelot S; torch; Brasillé; brioche of Évreux, Gisors, the Vast, Mill-the-Walk, Gournay; chartreuse of apples; softness argentanaise; Douillon S; duchesses of Rouen; Been necessary; laminated with apples with the Norman; Norman blank; fouace of Caen, of Normandy, of the Norman Vexin, apples of Gacé; wafers with the almond paste; whipped cake of Saint-Lo; Wafer of Lisieux; trowel; milk cake; macaroons of Bellême, Rouen; madeleines of It; Eunuch flutes of Rouen; casters of Rouen; norole (kind of brioche, in more packed), sanded Nickel silver (to be noted that they are the Norman ones which invented the " sablé"), of Asnelles, Bayeux, Caen, Deauville; tart with the sugar of Yport, cherries of Duclair, hot apples, the cream and the apple-brandy, fine with the apples Norman; forget (kind of horns to honey); anglois (kind of tart to plums); chimirets; railwaymen (those of Blangy-on-Bresle are most famous); Aguignettes.

Desserts : pancakes with the Bénédictine, crepes Normans (gross pancake of dice or apple plates mixed with the paste), cauchoises flamed with apples; croquettes of Nickel silver; Crusts Normans; Omelet valley of Trough; bread lost with the Norman (who call also " bread gagné"); Nasty wine; Apples with the grivette; apples with the Camembert cheese; blown in Bénédictine; Norman Soufflé; Pot Norman; Teurgoule, the kakanoïau (kind of tart/cake with merise of the Country of Caux), and the milk jam (invented in Normandy, by monks).

Techniques

Structure

See also: Architecture of Normandy

The Romanesque art of the fine century beginning in France was formerly called Norman Art until 1818, it is Norman the Charles Of Herissier de Gerville, which will débaptisera it, it keeps name “English Norman”.

The blazing Gothic, modern term invented by Norman the Hyacinthe Langlois, formerly called “Norman Gothic”, is the ultimate phase of the Gothic art.

With the Middle Ages, Normandy developed a clean regional style which then extended to the other regions conquered by the Norman ones.

See also: medieval Architecture Norman, Architecture Norman

The architecture of Normandy uses materials available in the area:

  • the Pierre of Caen, which was exported in England, Germany and until New York;
  • reeds for the roof of the thatched cottages;
  • the wood of Oak for half-timberings, and Essentes/Essantes: " board/bardeaux" (small planks/slates/tiles of wood, more generally in oak);
  • the Clay for the manufacture of the brick S;
  • the Flint of the Country of Caux;
  • the Granite in the Cotentin, which also paves the Place of the Harmony;
  • the red Sandstone in the coastal fringe of the Country of Caux (example with Weak-the-pinks and Malleville-the-Sandstone);
  • the Schist (or hones blue) which recovers the roofs of the North-Cotentin;
  • the Granite of Alençon extracts from the careers of the Cop-on-Sarthe which was useful has to build the city.

One counts also castles and a very particular style with Jacques François Blondel which carried out many country cottages in Normandy, small castles in Pierre of Caen.

Religion

The evangelization of Normandy goes back to the top Moyen-âge (4th century). As of this time founded were évêchés with Rouen, Évreux, Lisieux, Sées, Bayeux, Coutances and Avranches. The ecclesiastical province of Rouen (seat of an archbishop's palace) corresponds to the limits of the old province. The devastations due to the incursions Normans cease with the baptism, under the name of Robert, of Rollon, first duke of Normandy which will be consequently protective Church. (See Évêchés of Normandy.)

Dukes of Normandy, then the kings of France encouraged the development of the Norman monachism: the area counts many abbeys: Abbey of the Mount Saint-Michel, the Abbey with the Men and the Abbey with the Ladies of Caen, the Abbey of Jumièges, the Abbey of Saint-Wandrille, the abbey of Hambye, the Abbey of Graville, the abbey of Fécamp, the Abbey of Saint-Georges-of-Boscherville, the Abbey of Saint-Évroult, the Notre-Dame Abbey of the Nozzle, the abbey of Montivilliers, the Abbey of Cerisy, the Abbey of Lonlay, the Abbey of Mortemer, the Abbey Saint Martin's day de Troarn, abbeys Saint-Amand and Saint-Ouen of Rouen…

Like a famous proverb " says it; Saint Martin and holy Marie share Normandie". Indeed, they share the major part of the Dédicace S of the churches Normans. That exlic by the fact that Normandy was probably évangélisée by saint Martin de Tours and its disciples as from the 4th century, the worship mariale then taking its essort at the 5th century (after the Concile of Éphèse of 431 in the East then starting from 476 in Occident), in full period of rooting of Christianity in the province.

Among the Norman saints, it is necessary to note Jean Eudes and Therese de Lisieux born with Alençon and died in Lisieux where she is at the origin of one of the most important pilgrimages of France. The name of another Doctors of the Church related to Normandy east Anselme of Canterbury, one of the largest theologists and philosophers of the the Middle Ages.

During the Reform, Normandy is one of the principal bastions of Protestantism, and the Country of Caux keeps a strong Protestant minority (wars of religion and the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, one opposed its evolution, who would have made of Normandy an area with Protestant majority).

The Anglicanisme is the religion of state in the Islands of the Manche, but the Catholicisme and the Méthodisme are represented there by rather important minorities the faithful ones.

Monk

Notorious natives of Normandy

See also: Culture of Normandy, List Norman famous, : Category: Personality Norman

Princes & sovereigns

  • Guillaume Long-Sword (~905 with the the Orkneys - 942) duke of Normandy and Breton the
  • Adele of Normandy (~910 - ~965) duchess of Aquitaine, countess of Poitiers
  • Richard Without-Fear (932 - 996) duke of Normandy
  • Emma of Normandy (976 Normandy - 1026 Winchester, Queen of England, then Queen of England and Denmark
  • Havoise of Normandy, (977 - 1034) duchess of Brittany
  • Richard II of Normandy, known as Richard the Good in Normandy, called Richard irascible the in France (? - 1026) duke of Normandy
  • Richard III of Normandy (1026 - 1027) duke of Normandy
  • Éléonore of Normandy (~1010 - ~1071) countess of Flandres
  • Robert Splendid the, called Robert the Devil in France (1005 - 1035) duke of Normandy
  • Tancrède de Hauteville (1078 Coutances - 1041) ancestor of the kings de Sicile
  • Rainulf Ier d' Aversa, Rainulf Drengot, said Rainulf Batuère (? - 1045) prince d' Aversa
  • Guillaume Arm-of-Iron, (1005 - 1080) count of Apulie
  • Drogon de Hauteville, (1008 - 1051) count d' Apulie
  • Onfroi de Hauteville, (~1010 - 1081) count d' Apulie
  • Godefroi de Hauteville, count de Loritello
  • Robert Guiscard, (~1015 - 1085) count de Pouille & of Calabria
  • William the Conqueror (~1027 - 1087) duke of Normandy, king d' Angleterre
  • Odon de Conteville (~1032 - 1087) bishop of Bayeux, count of Kent
  • Roger de Hauteville (~1034 - June 22nd, 1101) count de Sicile & of Calabria
  • Robert Courteheuse (~1054-1134) duke of Normandy
  • William Rufus (1056 - 1100) duke of Normandy
  • Henri Beauclerc (~1068 - 1135) king d' Angleterre, duke of Normandy
  • Jean without Ground (1166 - 1216) regent then king d' Angleterre, duke of Normandy and Aquitaine, count d' Anjou, of Maine & Poitou
  • Jean de Béthencourt (~1360 - 1422) lord of the Canaries
  • Charles of Own way, duke of Mayenne (Alençon, 1554 - 1611)
  • Pleasant Pélissier (Maromme, 1794 - Algiers, 1864) governor-general of Algeria

Explorers

Army

See also: List of the Norman soldiers

Policy

See also: : Category: Political personality Norman

Sportsmen

Jacques Anquetil - Christophe Auguin - Jean-Claude Bagot - Vincent Barteau - Alain Blondel - Fabien Canu - Stephan Charon - Jonathan Cockerel - Raymond Delisle - Vikash Dhorasoo - David Douillet - Franck Dumas - Damien Eloi - Michel Ferté - Thierry Gouvenou - Jean-Pierre Jaussaud - Matthieu Lagrive - Roger Lemerre - Lionel Lemonchois - Emilie Loit - Halvard Mabire - Thierry Marie - Raymond Martin - Eric Turnip - Jean Nicolas - Small Emmanuel - Jacky Simon - Holy Gerard - Jean-Luc Thérier - Benoit Tréluyer - David Trezeguet - Paul Vatine - Jacky Vimond Rouen); 1959 Same step of article! -->

Personalities

Culture of Normandy -->

See also: List Norman famous, : Category: Personality Norman

See too

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