Normalizes

A standard (of Latin normalized , square, rule) indicates a usually widespread or average state considered generally as a rule to follow.

This generic term indicates a whole of characteristics describing an object, a being, which can be Virtuel or not. All that enters a standard is regarded as “normal”, whereas what in fate is “abnormal”. These terms can imply or not value judgments.

One should not confuse standard and Standard. The english-speaking having one word, many translations maintain this confusion.

Extension of the concept of standard

Short history

Emergence of the concept of standard in the Physical sciences

Historically, the explicit notion of standard was established in the Science S in the form of the Metric system (initiated by Louis XVI in 1790), then Système MKSA (1946) and international Système (1960).

To also consult the historical

Extension to the Industry, the economy, and the services

After the Second world war, the development process of the standards developed considerably in industry, the economy, and the Information systems. In fact, the term of standardization generally evokes the standardization in industry and the services. Because of its determining influence on the contemporary economy S, the standardization seen under this angle can be regarded as a commercial instrument to extend the influence of an economic power, by using techniques of Lobbying and the networks of Governmental organizations for example.

Extension to the Social sciences

Even if implicit research of some standardization were already old, in Europe for example with regard to the rules on the French language (French grammar), the concept of standard has widened for a few decades to include the Social sciences.

About the middle of the XXe century, standardization touched the field Juridique, with the concept of Hiérarchie of the standards, even if the substantive law were at that time marked by some Idéologie.

One notes in addition that standardization relates to also the fields Culturel and Linguistique, as one can note it with the Cultural heritage and the subjacent questions Sémantique S.

Respective approaches the United States/Europe

The standardization ( standardization in American) was the subject of an attention very constant to the the United States since the Années 1980. The approach of the United States is very commercial and financial. It consists in defining Communautés of interest, then to deduce the standard from them (in particular on the given semantic), and finally to define the services of adequate company. This structured step, supported by a whole of generally private organizations (Oasis, W3C,…) allows the United States to acquire a certain domination by the Connaissance.

The attention paid about standardization in Europe is at the same time different and more recent.

First of all, Europeans make the distinction between a standard (which is not necessarily a standard but can become it) and a standard (which was the subject of an official process to the ISO).

In addition, Europeans are less sensitive a priori to the interest of the standards (the word standard is dissonant compared to certain forms of Individualisme). However, this situation starts to change: thus, in France, standardization was the particular report/ratio object of the deputy Bernard Carayon in 2006. ontologies start to be studied on the normative level for the Archives and the Cultural heritage (ISO 21127).

Right

Constitution and laws

The standards in a legal system are the obligatory rules which they come from Loi S, of the code S, a habit even of the natural Right. The codes are of two types: the codes adopted like such, and modified, by the deliberating bodies, or the codes gathered by the editors (Dalloz and Litec in France).

The term “laws” in the broad sense indicates the obligatory whole of the rules S enacted by the public authorities: the Constitution, the Legislation, the ordinance S, Decree S, regulations and adopted (ministerial, prefectoral, or communal).

The normative situations are rather different between the United States (legal Système of Common law) and continental Europe (legal system of Civil law), which represent the main part of the legal systems of the States in the world.

In both legal Systems, the Constitution is with the more high level.

In the European Union, since the Years 1990, the Community legislation modifies in-depth the Droit S nationals of different the États-membres, the directives and regulations as well as the International treaties interposing between the Constitution S and the laws (or code S), with the Hiérarchie of the standards.

Hierarchy of the standards

Social sciences

Philosophy

In philosophy, a standard is a criterion, discriminatory principle to which refers implicitly or explicitly a value judgment.

By the will of certain actors, or quite simply from his education and by the set of its practices, the human being tends to enact standards specifying what is normally awaited and what is not it. These standards strongly vary with the times, the individuals and in more general ways the companies.

Characteristics

A major characteristic of the standards is that, contrary to the Proposition S, they are neither true nor false since they do not propose to describe something, but to prescribe, to create or change certain characteristics of a thing.

If they do not propose to describe the validity of a assertion, then one cannot allot to him criteria of success or failure. To follow the standard is not a Philosophie but rests on the search for a consensus. If a person wants to be guided by an ethical true, it cannot generally use this method.

Reflections on the standard

The standard implies a concept of being able. Indeed, so that a standard, a rule of life between into force in a company, it must be accepted by the majority (law of the greatest number) or imposed by a capacity.

In the margin

A person living out of the standard is rejected by the unit. She finds herself then in the margin. The person is ostracized. The standards are very often registered in the unconscious collective. As soon as a person does not enter the mould, a person or a group, sometimes even in an unconscious way, will reject this person. That goes until feeling antipathy for such a person. Without one realizing there, it is the notion of the Inconscient collective which enters here in account. To make more clearly, I will illustrate this by means of an example. The standard of the company remains still the traditional couple consists of a man and a woman. This couple faces a person alone of which it knows the personal history. Unconsciously, it will adopt discriminatory behaviors.

The margin, the Ostracism, persecution are concepts referring to the standard. Previously, there was the Excommunication where the official religion rejected the person who did not yield to her standards. Even if the religion clearly moved back, the standard is still also strong. It is not called any more with the sin. It is not held up any more by the Church. The standard today it is the Sécularisation, the free love. The standards thus vary from one time to another. The process remains the same one. For good food in company, it is necessary to accept its standards of them. ( What the standard? ).

Ethical normative

In ethical, there exists a discipline which is called the normative ethical , which aims at establishing standards concerning the critical examination of the bases and forms of the action right. They are fundamental texts which can apply to more particular fields in relation to ethics applied (see for example ethical social).

Normative ethics has relationship with the right.

Culture

The Culture is a field particularly difficult to normalize, because precisely of the Cultural diversity of the Population S and human Communauté S which lives planet.

UNESCO drew up lists of world heritages, then definite more recently of the normative instruments.

Lists of world heritages

The efforts of protection of the Cultural heritage carried out since the 19th century, first of all in France (Prosper Mérimée), then in a way mondialized by the UNESCO (of which the seat is with Paris) starting from 1945 led to the definition of several lists of the world heritage:

the List of the world heritage (1972),
the List Memory of the world (1992),
the oral and immaterial Inheritance of humanity (1997).

Normative instruments on the cultural heritage

The criteria having been identified by UNESCO to structure the Donnée S which are at the base of these lists made it possible to work out a Universal declaration on the cultural diversity, which is used as a basis for normative instruments to define a immaterial Cultural heritage, in other words managed under a electronic form.

More details, to see: Normative instruments of UNESCO on the cultures and traditions

Linguistic

In Linguistic, the standards of Usage of a Langue are consisted the Orthographe and the Grammaire. These standards are consigned in Dictionnaire S and works of grammar.

The standards Linguistique S vary much according to the Langue S. the French language has a important Tradition in the standardization of the language.

The standard is shared between Grammaticalité and acceptability.

History of the standardization of the French language

At the 16th century, François de Malherbe sought to return the French more Compréhensible while proscribing, in the name of the purity and of clearness, individual imaginations, turnings, the words, the uses of words and Usage S with geographical or sociolinguistic restriction.

At the same time, the French language became the Official language Droit and administration in France, by the edict of Villers-Cotterêts, signed in 1539 by François Ier, which resulted in the explicit mention of the French in the Constitution (see Constitution of 1958, article 2).

The rules of Grammaire were fixed by grammairiens such as Vaugelas. The French Academy was created (1635) in order to play a part of control and standardization on the words and them Usage.

Work in Logical and Linguistique of the Janséniste S of Port-Royal had a very important impact on the French language. The French revolution amplified this rupture, the French Academy having been closed during ten years between 1795 and 1805. For this period, Destutt de Tracy (school of the ideologists) also intervened in linguistics.

One passed from the kind of the traditional French to the modern French . Michel Foucault analyzes on an epistemological level this passage, with the change of direction of the words (see words and the things ).

Today, the French language is regarded as one of the six Official languages recognized with the international level by the the United Nations.

The French Academy preserved its role of control and standardization of the French language, in support with the French Culture. This role presents certain characteristics in the field of the Langage employed in the Technologies the information, because the English words appear very quickly, and can be francized (or not) according to the Intérêt and the Durabilité of their Usage.

Examples (Data-processing):

One must employ the word bug, and not bug. It was undoubtedly the approach of the An 2000 which pushed with this Francization. The French term appeared a little before the data-processing Passage to the year 2000 (see Bogue of the year 2000, and its American equivalent Y2K).

the term to be used for a Email is email, rather than mel.

Today, the Good use of Maurice Grévisse refers on the Usage of the French language with regard to the grammar.

Management of the languages, standards semantic

Standardization in the Gestion of the languages is a difficult topic, for the International organizations, the State S, and the Entreprise S (see Multilinguisme).

On the international plan, and with the Americas in particular, there exist initiatives to standardize the Gestion of the languages.

It is necessary to carry out a standardization of the rules Sémantique S. This one passes by the definition of key words (or beacons, or tag S ) employed in the numerical resources by the semantic languages (known as of beaconing, like HTML and XML for example), which give access the resources in different Langue S.

Certain beacons play important pus parts that others (Métadonnée S, Metatag S) the Langue is thus a parameter very important to manage on the Fabric within the framework of the semantic Web.

The standardization of the documents and the language passes by the definition of Schémas of classification, whose complexity will be adapted to the subject to treat.

The standards on the Langue are described in Langue (metadatum).

Sociology

A standard, with the sociological direction of the term, represents a behavior generally observed in a given context.

The design of normality or anormality in sociology is virgin of any value judgment and refers rather to the sociological concept of Déviance

Mathematical and physical sciences

Mathematics

Physical sciences

In physical sciences the standards are defined by the international Système.

Economy and Industry

See also: Industrial Standards and standards

The industrial article standards and standards, specify the differences between standard and standard and, gives explanations detailed on:

the definition of a standard,
standard of standards,
the development process of a standard within the framework of the ISO.

The word standard is of Latin origin and the standard word is of English origin. In French language, the two words are used and the word Standard does not have same the Sens as the word normalizes. The english-speaking have one word to indicate these two concepts.

Thus in Data-processing, one employs often wrongly the word Standard. It is about an Anglicism.

A standard must be the subject of a process of Normalization in an national organization or international independent of the industrialists. The ISO is the principal world organization of standardization.

Objective of the standards and standards industrial

The standards make it possible to easily replace a produced by an equivalent when one meets a unspecified difficulty of provisioning . Moreover, they allow a Interopérabilité systems and products Industriel S between them. Though volunteers by nature, they thus became essential.

A standard can be largely adopted by industry (examples: IEEE 802.3 CSMA/CD Ethernet, IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi, ISO 9002), or being forsaken by this one (example: standard OSI of the ISO).

Example of standard: STEP

In general, a standard is not obligatory: its application results from a choice of manufacturing or the requirements of a customer. In certain cases, for reasons of law and order of health, of Safety, division of a rare resource, of safeguarding of the environment, the public authorities can impose a voluntary standard of origin or consider that its application gives a reasonable presumption of conformity to requirements lawful S obligatory S.

Some examples of standards in the economy

Agroalimentary

The Codex alimentarius is the system of standardization for the Food products. It was defined by the United Nations for the food and agriculture (FAO).

Site of the Codex alimentarius.

Environment, Risk S and Responsibility sociétale

At the microeconomic level, there exists:

the standard ISO 14000, specifically on the environment,
of the standards not having value of standard.

The industrial sectors are the subject of particular standards (for example European standard of emission Euro for automobile pollution).

The Responsabilité sociétale is the subject of a general draft standard: ISO 26000.

See: List of ISO standards by fields

At the Macroeconomic level , the model Pressure-State-Answer of OECD provides a representation of the pressures exerted by the Entreprise S on the Environnement, and of the answers brought by the Organization S.

Information systems, Telecommunications

In the Information systems, because of the great number of hardware and software of American origin, one rather frequently employs the word Standard.

See: Standards in communication and information technologies

There exist standards:

In the Information system security

ISO/CEI 17799: Safety of information (BS 7799)
ISO 27000: Series of standards dedicated to the safety of information

See Security standards of the information systems

In the Telecommunications
In the Management of the documents of file (record management) and the Metadatum S, in Engineering of knowledge and documentary engineering.

In Europe, the organism in charge of the standardization in the Télécommunications is ETSI.

See also the article Communication on the Stake X related to the means of Telecommunications

Accounts Department of the companies

Public accounts and analyzes economic

In the modern economy, the development, since the Years 1930, of Modèle S econometric S based on the Mathématiques Stastiques made it possible to develop standards for the evaluation of the goods and produced services or Acheté S.

Those are divided in Biens and commercial services and into noncommercial Services.

In addition, the systems of national Comptes are harmonized around common standards, and the State S Européen S for example use same the countable Cadre: the SEC (European System of accountancy).

For the Need S for the public accounts, one could define normative branches of industry, in order to Comptabiliser the exchanges of goods and services, like all the resources employed in these exchanges.

Thus, the systems of National accounting distribute the Economic agents in six institutional sectors, five being regarded as residents, and nonresident.

See:

elementary Typology of the economy
National accounting and the category of the articles National accounting
institutional Unit

In statistics and economic analysis, the standardized nomenclatures are very much used, for the construction of the aggregate S. Examples:

economic nomenclature of synthesis, BORN
general nomenclature of the products, NGP
combined nomenclature, NC
statistical nomenclature of the economic activities in the European Community, NACE

See: http://www.insee.fr/fr/nom_def_met/definitions/html/accueil.htm#N

Organizations of standardization

August 1st

To try to federate the Industry, of the public agencies or private, of nonlucrative goal in general, founded and supported by a trade union of industrialists concerned, think and propose Référentiel S called standards or Recommandation S.

However, the organizations of standardization, which they are industrial or especially those specialized in the information systems (OASIS) touch, through the Sémantique in particular, with fields which are not exclusively industrial and financial.

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