Nonverbal communication

The not-verbal communication or analogical communication expresses a type of Communication which does not use the Mot S, in other words which does not pass by the linguistic Signes of the verbal language.

Distinction

In Sémiotique one studies or not the language by the Signe, verbal, human or not. One finds it with Charles Sanders Peirce and the general theory of the signs, heralding a language in the animal communication, of the bee (of Karl von Frisch) to the zebra.
In Linguistic, one studies the words spoken and writings about the Langue in the human communication. There is not, at the origin, of opening to the nonverbal language.
In Sociology, and more particularly in the Interactionnisme symbolic system (running developed by the School of Chicago) one employs, to qualify the means of communication not-verbal the term of metalanguage.

A caesura is sometimes made, in particular in the study of neurological logics, between the images of the language which are direct representations that one can say " Analogical s" , and the Word S of the Langue which are representations known as " digitales" or " numérique". (One mainly locates (on average on a population) the language by the image in the right brain, whereas the use of the words utilizes the Aire of the language located in 95% of the cases in the left brain.)

The word as media would be, according to the original distinction of Ferdinand de Saussure, a arbitrary Convention for the understandable rendres (the word " table" do not represent a table: the code used to represent the table is arbitrary, one can also think of the languages of data-processing Programmation)

The arbitrary origin of this support is largely called in question, and if Freud raised a Représentation of word in addition to the Représentation of thing, Lacan will go even further in the definitions of Meaning (the support) and of Signifié (the message), while focusing on the direction which even carries meaning it him. (Compared to the example of the word counts, Lacan was in the study of the direction does not induce sonorities, the homonyms, etc)

See the linguistic article Sign for more details.

General information

The word

The term of “nonverbal communication” comes from a translation of English who makes the clear distinction between " speech" (language) and " language" (language of the nonverbal communication). It is only by the translation and the treason starting from the English language that the concept of nonverbal communication entered in francophonie.

The theory

Sigmund Freud already made the distinction between language and language with the " Primary process " for the language of before the word and the " Secondary process " at the time of the control of the word of the language. Jacques Lacan took again this distinction in its linguistic criticism of the texts of Freud (he speaks him about the Infance to indicate the period of development of before the word).

First steps in art

The not verbal communication known as is not an innovation with the mode today. The silent film Burlesque of Mack Sennett of Danville (Quebec), Charlie Chaplin and others as well as the mimes was popular forms of nonverbal communication to simplest and the level of the entertainments in a nation of immigrants to the multiple languages, like the light comedy or " Be worth Vire " theater of the illiterate peasants of Normandy.

In the behavior social

Another banal example of nonverbal commuication is the Rituel of dissuasion and threat of the match of " Rugby " New Zealand and of the combat of " Sumo " Japanese where adversaries facing push growls and howls, roll the eyes, draw the language and gesticulent to announce and exhiber the hostile intention. This very formalized ritual is inherited, in human ethology, of our ancestors the large monkeys. Before the singularity on the individual level of the Psychology, the nonverbal communication is spring of plurality in the collective space of the Anthropologie or science (logos) of the Man (Anthropos) deployed in Politologie and Sociologie with their ramifications.

Language and language

The language is thus an analog representation: the progression is continuous between the representation and what is represented (like the Roman numerals of I with III for example). Then, it is necessary to pass by a code or convention to express the quantity, like " V" for five, " X" for ten and so on, which do not have an analogical relation between not represented and the representation. Gregory Bateson said that it has there nothing tabuliforme in the word counts : this sentence expresses well arbitrary code used by the language to say the " object; table".

The language is an analogical direct representation, like the Icône S (with the European Moyen-âge of illiterate, the stained glasses and the " Passion " played on the squares of the cathedrals are forms of nonverbal communication to represent religious scenes and to tell the outstanding episodes of the Christian history).

In the not verbal Communication known as, Ray Birdwhistell invented the concept of Kinésique " mimiques". This concept recovers the whole of the gestures, postures and movements body which express the context of the relation in progress. Edward T. Hall advanced the concept of Proxémique (space-time distances between the speakers) and reflects on the use and the significances of silences in a relation. Erwin Goffman worked on the presentation of oneself through clothing, elocution, all not-verbal information given by the interlocutors.

The context returns meaning and significant the interactions between the agents. It expresses the type of relation which they maintain. It is in this direction that is the slogan any behavior is communication of Grégory Bateson and its associates, or One cannot not communicate : an individual folded up on itself and dumb, inacessible to the requests communicates by his posture his refusal to communicate. This is spring of the interpersonal communication http://www.crcom.ac-versailles.fr/article.php3?id_article=38.

It there with the language of the " signification" rich person in information and low in human contents and the language of the " sens" rich person in contents human and low in significances. language misses the syntactic negation " … pas" , as on the road signs " No parking" or " defense of stationner" formed by the image of a car stationed with an oblique bar to mean the negation " … pas".

In the human communication, it is the context of the language which gives a direction to the text of the language, for a relation in progress. The cartoon is an good example of the language expressed by the drawing and the language of the words in the phylactères or " bulles".

The nonverbal communication is perhaps useful to clear up enigmas, as when the eyes say " oui" when the mouth known as .non" or when the gesture contradicts the word and the tone disqualify the text, which appears paradoxical in the Paradoxes and double constraint which are topics of a ecosystemic Approche. The choreography of a ballet is " kinésique" before the letter, like the middle-class man gentleman of Molière which makes prose, without the knowledge. The performing arts are forms of nonverbal communication " pure" or together with verbal communication, in variable proportion. The MIME Marceau was first category.

Pourquoi people grimaces and agitated are make while speaking?

Often to accentuate what they say and sometimes to contradict. The Paradoxe occurs of this second situation where one cannot any more what take and how to take.

This divergence and this contrast are sources of humor, creativity and also of anguish in the dilemma where one cannot with which proposals trust any more. A ballet choreography is also a verbal communication of a history, with its vocabulary and its grammar, just like a concerto which orchestrates the fight of an instrument against all the other instruments, as well as a symphony where all the instruments play of the same voice. All pictorial arts are about a nonverbal communication with its semantics (relation mean-meant), its syntactic (relation sign-sign) and its pragmatic (relation sign-effect). Semantics, the syntactic one and the pragmatic one are the three branches of the theories and practices of the communication.

Here a conclusive experimentation which was made on the two levels of the nonverbal communication of the body expressions of the language and the verbal communication of the words of the language.

The Mayor of New York City, Fiorello Henry LaGuardia (1882-1947) spoke several languages the most used in his city, of which German, Spanish, French, Italian and Yiddish. One passed film of his harangues and political discourses in these languages, while cutting the sound, owes an audience made up of the representatives of all these cultural communities and lingistic which recognized at 100% the language used each time, only by the vision of the movements of the language of the nonverbal communication, in the absence of the sound of the words of the language of the words of the verbal communication.

It appears, then, that with each " langue" words is associated a " langage" body of the gestures, mimicry, silences and distances, one underlining the other and the other surlignant one in context and text, while containing and contained, i.e. in relation and contents of this relation, in the interpersonal human communication.

The ASL (American Sign Language) is a digital, coded language body gestures and movements, with its vocabulary and its grammar, whereas the gesture " pur" directly evoke what it represents, without passing by an arbitrary convention. The communication, by words or gestures, passes by these three levels.

first physical level necessary and insufficient, the communication is the transmission of the signals of sound and light.

On the second imaginary level, the communication is the pooling of the direction, significances and values.

On the third level symbolic system, the communication is the communion around the beliefs and rules of life which direct and delimit the possible significances and values.

Contents and relation

Any message comprises two aspects, the contents and the relation, the ecosystemic approach refers to both, the métamessage and the message. The métamessage refers to the relation and is on a level of the message. The métamessage is the message on the message and indicates how to include/understand the message. What made say to Bateson that the " mordillement is not a morsure". It is the syntactic negation " , pas" of an invitation to the play.

" A message under its aspect d'" indice" information transmits; in the human communication, this term is thus synonymous with contents of the message. It can have as an aim all that is communicable… The aspect order, on the other hand, indicates the way in which one must hear the message, and thus in the final analysis the relation between the partners. In these statements on the level of the relation, one or more of the following assertions are always concerned: " Thus I vois" , " Thus I you vois" , Thus I see you voir" … and so on theoretically ad infinitum… Any communication presents two aspects: the contents and the relation, such as the second include the first and consequently are a métacommunication". (Paul Watzlawick and associated, pp49-52, 1972).

Métamessage and message are in the report/ratio of the context to the text which takes direction only in the context. This body language of the not verbal communication known as constitutes the context which returns the word meaning and significant. It is starting from this relation of the text to the context that Gregory Bateson invented the " double contrainte" by observing film of the interaction between a Balinese mother and her child where the mother attracts the child by the word all while pushing back it by the gesture. The " Double constraint " is much more than one simple dilemma.

Métamessage and message

The levels of the logical type or constraint are distinct in quantum jump from the type or, well one or the other, in discontinuous variation " digitale" , like the five " doigts" hand, contrasts about it with the continuous variation on the palm of the hand, with the root of the fingers with which they fork and disjoin themselves.

the " distinction" is " digitale" discontinuous variation in quantum jump of the type or on a level, or with the other, like the progression on the steps of a staircase. The language of the words of the word digital, is médiatisée by a linguistic code of a convention mutually accepted by speakers of this language. In this way, the words are mediatized representations, without continuous report/ratio with what is represented. " There is nothing tabuliforme in the word `table' " , Gregory Bateson said, to express this distinction

the " différence" is " analogique" continuous variation, like the progression on a tilted level. The language of the icons (images, sounds, flagrancies), gestures, mimicry, postures etc is analogical in a continuous progression between the representation and what is represented, like a photograph, a drawing, a painting and a sculpture.

the direction is the product of information with iconic prevalence as in the body communication and our experiment of the icons of the emotion (" states émotifs"). The significance is the product of information with digital prevalence, like the definitions of the dictionary. (The translations between these orders of perception often generate paradoxes, and the bad translations can involve a pathology)… ". (Anthony Wilden, p. 546,1983).

- At the biological level are the perceptive processes necessary and insufficient of the reception of the physical signals of sound and light, on the first physical level of the communication.

- With the social status of the direction are the esthetic and ethical values second level of the communication which is the pooling of the directions and the values.

- On the cultural level of the ideas are the beliefs and the codes of conduct of the third level of the communication which is the communion around these beliefs and rules, forming a social community, nation with the family group.

For Ray Birdwhistell, " communication" and " culture" are in a relation about that between " processus" and " structure".

" The communication could be considered, to the full extent, like the active aspect of the cultural structure… What I try to say is that the culture and the communication are terms which represent two points of view or two methods of presentation of the structured and regular human interrelationship. In " culture" , the stress is laid on the structure, in " communication" , on the processus." (Ray Birdwhistell, 1970, p. 251, " Kinesics and Context. Essays one Body Communication" Motion; , University off Pennsylvania Near, Philadelphia.).

Métacommunication and communication

The nonverbal communication is directly resulting from ecosystemic complexes which comes from the second scientific revolution of information, of the " signe" with a direction, in triple direction of orientation (as in " one way), of relevance (as in " good sens") and of significance. Gregory Bateson, with his/her colleagues and disciples, launched this second scientific revolution of information by introducing the logical typology of Bertrand Russell and Alfred North Whitehead. The cybernetics of first generation is that of the " signal" physics, contrasts about it with the " signe" psychic referring to the communications verbal and nonverbal languages and languages.

This theory of the logical types, into metamathematic or mathematics of mathematics, spreads in a hierarchy of levels of the logical type members with class and class of classes, of méta in méta-méta. She postulates that a class cannot be member of her even.

Let us take this history of librarian to clear up this metamathematic hyperabstraction.

a librarian completed to establish the catalog of its library and wonders where it can classify his catalog which, although having the physical format of a book, is not of the same order or category of the books which it classifies, indexes or represents. Indeed, the catalog is the book of the books, a métalivre, a cartography of the books of the library, a representation of the books.

Starting from this postulate of the theory of the logical types, it follows that the class and the members cannot have the same properties and characteristics. The following expressions illustrate this postulate:

"The cat scrapes and the word “cat” does not bite pas" (Gregory Bateson)
" The chart is not the territoire" (Alfred Korzybski).
" The menu is not the repas" (Paul Watzlawick.)
" The Rules are No Game" (Anthony Wilden)
" This is not a pipe" (Rene Magritte). The representation is not what is represented. http://www.georgetown.edu/faculty/irvinem/visualarts/magritte-pipe-sm.jpg

After the period of collaboration with Jacques Lacan with Baltimore, MANDELEVIUM, and with its Californian period, Anthony Wilden worked with Gregory Bateson with the development of the cybernetics of second generation, collaboration which gave " System and Structure. Essays one Communication and Exchange" whose first edition of 1972 was followed the different one and many republications and translations of which French translation of 1983. From there, it built the Théorie of the contexts which is a metaphor of displacement and a métonyme of the condensation of this ecosystemic Approche which is a methodology, a métaméthode, method of the methods, or classifies methods, a kind of limps with tools of which each tool is a singular method adapted to solve a enigma private individual.

This Théorie of the contexts presents three rules, of which the " regulate extinction" who allows to build a hierarchy of levels of the logical type, constraint or dependence and to check his orientation.

At the beginning is the mineral system of the Lithosphère of the inorganic nature which directs and delimits the possibilities of life of the organic system of the Biosphère which, even, directs to him and delimits the possibilities of association of the Sociosphère of the congeneric animals and plants of the human social system of the colleagues, of those which share the same law (lex, legis) and the same heritage (legacy).

Then, the biological system is the environment and the social metasystem, as the mineral system is the base (" Grund" one said before), the environment and the biological metasystem.

In example, the écosystémique one of the forestry and fisheries, with the base, deals with the social system of the association of the trees and fish with its environment or organic metasystem whose its environment is the mineral system of the lithosphere which directs and delimits the possibilities of life towards planet. Thus, we can go from system in metasystem and métaméta system, in a retreat ad infinitum for better perceiving, by connecting the levels for better including/understanding and by locating the enigma to be deciphered on its level for better acting.

The systemic simple one of the engineers deals of the physical processes or financial flows whose environment considered is right the entourage of comparable nature that of the contents of flows and process. It is the flatness of the levels of constraint, dependence or complexity on the level where takes place the studied enigma.

Ecosystemic the hypercomplexe of human takes account of the cultural level depend on the social status and holds account in addition to the level the most complex symbolic system and most dependant. Indeed, the level symbolic system is that of the beliefs and codes of conduct which direct and delimit the significances and the possible values of the cultural level.

The écosystémique one of Georges Clémenceau saying: " The war is a too important business to be entrusted to militaires" who cannot perceive the forest with the nose stuck on the tree. Clemenceau made the écosystémique one without the knowledge, like the middle-class man gentleman of Molière made of prose without the knowledge. Indeed, the écopolitique one of the hierarchy of the levels of constraint or dependence, in the Theory of the contexts of Anthony Wilden, brings to the political level the choice of peace and the war and the attribution of the suitable resources. The political level directs and delimits the military and diplomatic strategies possible on the level of the strategy of the choice of the battles to be engaged with resources which are allotted to them. These battles of the level of the strategy direct and delimit the engagements at the tactical level. The soldiers of the lost wars are those which do not approach the political level of the goals of war and peace.

The écosystémique one in psychology studies and intervenes on the made mineral mud Man, following much mythologies, but also of blood, bones and of skin biological of the fabric cells associated and fabrics in bodies and apparatuses with the only biological level necessary and insufficient. With the social status is the association of the colleagues, of those which share the same law (lex, legis) and the same heritage (legacy). Law and heritage are at the cultural level about the ideas. It is the level of the homo sapiens, ludens and contradict, that of the madness, the play and wisdom directed by the beliefs and codes of conduct of the level symbolic system.

" As an order of ideas and representations generated by the activities of the social beings, the culture can be maintained and reproduce only thanks to the three others ordres" (Anthony Wilden." p. 521,1983)

Primary process and secondary at Freud

In the diagram freudien, the primary process is that of the language of the " representatives of choses" , of the nonverbal communication interns, of the thought of unconscious the freudien; the secondary process is that of the language of the “representatives of words” in the word of the conscious one. Subsconscient is neither image, nor word; it is created not formulated rough sensations. Thus and commenting on the writings of Freud, Jacques Lacan could say this way: “the unconscious one is structured like a language”.

Rene Roussillon, psychological clinician of Lyon, working between psychoanalysis freudienne and ecosystemic Approach, could establish a distinction between “primary education traumatism and “secondary traumatism”.

The primary education traumatism is a psychic wound which has occurred at the subject before the control of the words of the word.

The secondary traumatism is a wound which has occurred at the time of the control of the word with words to say it.

In the silence of incommunicability, a psychosomatic disease is that of the evils to say it.

Then, in the clinical exercise and to reach and explore the primary education traumatism, it is necessary and it is enough to approach it with acting it of the gestures, the saynètes, the theatrical plays, the communication known as not-verbal, the images, the gestures and the sounds.

The psychoanalytical cure parolière feudienne can refer only to the secondary traumatism in adults.

See too

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