Nonconventional oil
Discussion with the translator
The nonconventional oil is a produced Pétrole or using extract of the techniques other than the traditional method of. Today the production of Oil nonconventional less effective remainder and certain types has larger environmental impacts compared with a conventional production. The productions of the not-conventional type include/understand: productions of Sands impregnated with asphaltic bitumen, heavy oil, Oil shale, of Biocarburant, the thermal organic matter depolymerization and the conversion of coal and Natural gas into Hydrocarbon S liquids through processes like the synthesis of Fischer-Torpsch. These not-conventional sources of oil can take the changing as fuels of transport when the conventional fuels are not any more economically viable because of the exhaustion of the resources. The conventional sources of oil are preferred today because it provide an energy yield much higher (energy recovered compared to the energy spent for the extraction and the refining). Technologies as the steam injection for the fields of bituminous sands are under development to allow an increase in the effectiveness of the methods of nonconventional extraction, such as for example in Canada.
Heavy extra oil and sands impregnated with asphaltic bitumen
See also: bituminous Sand, bituminous Sand of Athabasca
heavy oils and the Sands impregnated with asphaltic bitumen are found everywhere on the sphere, but the two more important sites are located at the Canada (at the edge of the lake Athabasca) and at the Venezuela (on banks of Orénoque). The carbohydrate contained in these fields is in the form of Bitume, which it is possible to transform while carburizing. Extra-heavy oil Venezuelan is different from Canadian sands impregnated with asphaltic bitumen because it is less viscous with room temperature and can thus be extracted with techniques from cold flows, even if the output is less than with the Canadian techniques (approximately 8% compared with more than 90% for the mines with open sky or 60% for the gravitational drilling assisted by vapor ).
The oil companies estimated that the fields of Athabasca and Orénoque (both of similar size) represent two thirds of the world total of the tankers. However they were not considered that recently as oil reserves proven thanks to the fall of the price of production of the barrel in the mines of Suncor and Syncrude with less than 15$ per barrel whereas the course of oil flamed to 70$ the barrel. To extract a significant percentage from the worldwide production of oil starting from these containing hydrocarbon fossils will not be easy thing in the future because the process implies important resources as regards capital, men and grounds
Another major concern today: essential resources with the production of Heat and electricity, generated currently partly via the fuel and the charbon., itself in restriction. A unit of valorization of the bitumen is in the course of construction with Fort McMurray in the Alberta to provide in order to replace natural gas.
Oil shale
the oil shales represent a group of Schiste S ends active of the black to dark chestnut sufficiently rich in organic matter (the Kérogène) making it possible to preserve the Pétrole Distillation. The kerogen contained in the bituminous schists can be transformed into oil thanks to the chemical process of Pyrolyse. During pyrolysis the oil shales are heated until 450– 500 °C in a private enclosure of air and the kerogen is transformed into oil and is separate. The process is called . The oil shales were also consumed as poor fuels. The Office of the Reserves out of Maritime Oil and Oil shales of the the United States estimates oil shale world reserves at 1662 billion barrels (264 billion de m ³) including 1200 billion barrels (264 billion de m ³) on the territory states-unien. The major part of the oil shales in the United States result from the geological layer (basins from and with the Wyoming; basin of in the Utah; basin of Piceance Creek to the Colorado). Nowadays, Estonia, Russia, Brazil and China exploit the oil shales, however the production is in fall because of the economic aspects and environmental.
Bio-fuels
the bio-fuels such as the Biodiesel and the Bioéthanol are also fuels containing Hydrocarbure. There exist also Bio-fuel S not-hydrocarbons like the anaerobic hydrogen producers. This paragraph was translated from English. But considering its poverty it seems convenient to support it somewhat. Here qqs possible sources
Thermal depolymerization
The thermal Dépolymérisation () can make it possible to recover much energy of the oil coke and waste coming from the tanks. It is difficult to consider the production energy potential because recovery depends enormously on the products used. This paragraph was translated from English. But considering its poverty it seems convenient somewhat étailler. Here some possible sources
Transformation of coal and natural gas
See also: Process Fischer-Tropsch
The transformation of the coal and the Natural gas can make it possible to provide great quantities of nonconventional although less energetics. Because of the high price of transport of gas, many known layers but too éloignés are not exploited. The transformation can place at the disposal these energies in spite of the current conditions of the market.
Is a carbonization at low temperature ( LTC in English ) of coal, schists, Lignite or of any other carbonaceous matter. Those are heated of 360 °C with 750 °C in the abscence of air in order to extract by distillation oil and gas. The production becomes profitable from 35$ the baril.
The Procédé Fischer-Tropsch uses a principle similar to that of Karrick - but however less effective - for the gazéifaction of the coal because much of the energy contained in coal is dissipated. For the majority of the large oil companies, the Fischer-Tropsch process are the subject currently of seek in order to allow the liquid production of fuel starting from natural gas.
References
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