Ngô Đình Diệm , born with Huế the January 3rd 1901, died with Saigon the November 2nd 1963 is a Vietnamese nationalist, chief of the République of Vietnam of 1954 to 1963.

Ngô Đình Diệm was the key character and the person in charge on the frontline of the passage of the Guerre of Indo-China to the war of Việt Nam. Roman catholic militant, it was Mandarin and wire of great Mandarin to the Imperial Cour of Huế. Patriot and nationalist, it failed to carry out the independence and the unit of Việt Nam. Its Christian name roman catholic is Jean-Baptiste. Excessively pious person, it had remained unmarried, and marries it of his/her brother Ngô Đình Nhu served to him as “first lady” during its years like chair République of Việt Nam. A republic which it has even contributed him to create, with the assistance of the United States, following the Accords of Geneva. These agreements had put an end to the First War of Indo-China, war carried out for the independence of Vietnam by the Armée popular Vietnamese with the Democratic republic of the Vietnam, who had been created following the Révolution of August. Ngô Đình Diệm was radically anti-Buddhist in a country with Buddhist majority, and anticommunist whereas the nationalist movement was constant mainly by the communist states. More carried on the ideological one that on pragmatism, it was completely with counter-current of the company, in contrast with Hồ Chí Minh, more pragmatic than ideological, which when it had come to live in France when it was young, had required the admission of the School of French Colonial Administration, in order to serve its country.

Coup d'etat and takeover

It was a Mandarin of high ranking in the government of the emperor Bảo Đại before the Second world war, at the time of nationalist agitations, but resigned by showing the emperor to be an instrument with the hands of the French who placed it on the very young throne, after having détrôné and having exiled in Madagascar the preceding emperor. His/her brother Ngô Đình Thục was archbishop of Huế. In 1945, he was imprisoned and exiled in China by the French colonial Administration due to Vietnamese patriotism. After the declaration of independence of Việt Nam on September 2nd, 1945 with Hanoï on the place Ba Đình in a ritual confucéen of dynastic change, he refused to enter the government of Hồ Chí Minh and exiled himself in the United States. This country, although having hitherto supported the majority of the anticoloniaux nationalist movements, because of the traditional attachment of the Americans to the principle of self-determination whom they themselves had imposed to the king de Grande-Bretagne Georges III, had indeed engaged in a fight of influence against the the USSR which implied the judgment of the Communist regime of Hồ Chí Minh.

Parallel to the Conference of Geneva in June 1954, the emperor Bảo Đại, Head of the Vietnamese State of Saigon recalled of the United States Ngô Đình Diệm to make of it the Prime Minister for Việt Nam. He did not sign, with the United States, the final declaration of the Accords of Geneva. Thus released of the obligations to respect these agreements, Ngô Đình Diệm organized a referendum obviously faked with more favorable voices than voters and created the Republic of Việt Nam all while autoproclamant Head of State. Thus left the emperor Bảo Đại, patriot Vietnamese, impotent, after having subtly done what it could thanks to his position and with its education. In spite of the support that its partisans offered to him, the emperor Bảo Đại chooses to abdicate rather than to operate a subdivision in the Republic of Việt Nam.

Its dictatorship anti-Buddhist and anticommunist had already started with this referendum, as the presence testified some to the police force and the army at the entry of the polling stations. Under its dictatorship, Diệm, at the expense of the Buddhist majority of the South, supported with excess the catholic minority mainly formed by refugees of North “following the Virgin to the South” and subjected to an intense propaganda free-Vietnamese and étatsunienne aiming at sabotaging the Northern zone by emptying it of part of its population while diabolisant the new mode of the Democratic republic of Việt Nam which had at this time a recognized territory and an international statute.

Diệm seems for certain a puritan, tyrannical and despotic excessively pious person. It indeed set up a family government with his brother Ngô Đình Nhu, chief of its first political party, his brother Ngô Đình Cẩn affected in the imperial city of Huế which it controlled as a true lord of war, his/her brother Ngô Đình Luyện whom it named ambassador in the United Kingdom, and, at the same time, in load of the Chăm minority. His/her other brother Ngô Đình Thục was archbishop roman catholic of Huế. His/her Nhu brother and his wife (born Trần Lệ Xuân), the “first lady”, more known under the nickname of “Mrs Nhu” (by disrespectful derision and allusion to the “brothel-keeper”), carried out a reform of Saigon to their manner and according to the values integrist roman catholics. The play was prohibited, the banished lust and smuggling, in a company of Chinese civilization where the play is however anchored in the tradition. The policy anticommunist of Diệm gave birth to from many communist vocations, as the French bagnes had in their time transformed of the nationalists into Communists. Its policy anti-Buddhist caused a general rising, all confused political tendencies. The public immolation by the fire of the bonzes finally rang the knell of its mode with the revolt of its own generals and the creation of the National front for the release of Việt Nam.

Complicity of the United States

During its exile in a monastery in the United States, Diệm forged solids relations, mainly with catholics states-uniens, to obtain the support of the United States for its crusade anticommunist for Việt Nam. Diệm appeared in their eyes a credible countermeasure with Hồ Chí Minh.

The United States continued to support the dictatorial mode of Diệm, like a communist backfire, whereas it gave birth to and nourished Communism in the South of Việt Nam.

With the Administration of a catholic president in the United States, “the international black one” increased the support for Diệm against the “international red” by sending to Việt Nam more and more military advisers within the framework of the military aid provided before directly to the CEFEO (French Task force in the Far East). Thus the MAAG (Military Aid Adviser Group) of non-combatant was transformed into MACV (Military Adviser Command Vietnam) combatants with the head of the South Vietnamese troops. Continuations with the many coup attempts of State of the South Vietnamese army against the mode of Diệm, the United States started to realize that they had put on a losing horse. They ceased supporting Ngô Đình Diệm and were probably at the origin of its assassination.

Coup d'etat and assassination

With the Buddhist revolt and the public Immolation by the fire of the Bonze S in June 1963, the unpopularity of Diệm burst at the great day and developed in the world, especially when “Mrs Nhu” spoke with ease about “barbecue”. The scandal was fatal for all the Ngô family.

On the orders of president Kennedy, the ambassador in Saigon Henry Cabot Lodge refused to meet Diệm in order not to inform it of a coup d'etat prepared by his generals under the control of the general Dương Văn Minh, said “Big Minh” for his size, that one even as Nguyễn Văn Thiệu proposed like valid and acceptable interlocutor to sign the unconditional capitulation of the South Vietnamese forces on April 30th, 1975, which put an end to the War of Việt Nam.

In the chronology, the Vietnamese State of Saigon of the emperor Bảo Đại existed of 1949 up to 1954, and the birth of the République of Việt Nam of Ngô Đình Diệm of 1955 until the April 30th 1975. After this date, it is replaced by the Democratic republic of Việt Nam (RDVN) which becomes a regional power of Việt Nam independent and unified, holding the promise of the Vietnamese patriotism of the Guerre of Indo-China. With the reunification, the original RDVN of 1945 is dissolved to make place with the socialist Republic of Việt Nam of XXIe century.

Ngô Đình Diệm and its young brother Ngô Đình Nhu were summarily carried out, after being hidden with Chợ Lớn by the conspirators.

Then visits some in the United States, “Mrs Nhu” learned the news from this assassination and the coup d'etat, and suspecta immediately the United States. She predicts a dark future to them. She says later: “ Whoever has the Americans aces combine does not need enemy. ” (“Whoever has the Americans as combined need for enemies does not have”)

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