New York - SpeedyLook encyclopedia

History

The exploration of the area

The history of New York began with the XVIe century, with the arrival of the first Europeans. When the navigator Giovanni da Verrazano, sent to explore the Nouveau World in the name of the France passed to broad from the bay of New York in 1524, the island of “Manhatta” was populated of Amerindian Lenapes. Without making stopover there, Verrazano baptized New area the “Angouleme”. In 1609 it is the British navigator Henry Hudson which explored for the first time, in the name of the Compagnie of the Western Indies the bay of New York, and the river which was baptized in its memory, the Hudson River.

Dutch years

The installation of European colonists began with the foundation from a colony specialized in the trade from furs by the Dutchmen in the south from the current island from Manhattan. Thus the “New Amsterdam” ( Nieuwe Amsterdam ) was created in 1614. A few years later, in 1626, the director of the colony Peter Minuit bought the island of Manhattan to its occupants, the Manhattes for the ridiculous sum of 60 guilders (24 $) of small glassware and other trinkets. May 11th 1647, Pieter Stuyvesant was named governor of the colony to give a new chance to the colonial experiment of the New Amsterdam, whose commercial relations with the autochtones had been degraded. Stuyvesant preached a religious orthodoxy to restore the order in its colony, by imposing restrictions on the movements and the alcohol consumption, but in a very tended climate, it obtained only the hatred of the inhabitants of its colony, whereas the English became increasingly pressing. In March 1664, the king Charles II of England virtually offered the totality of the News Amsterdam to his/her brother, the Duc of York. The English thus conquered the colony during the same year, and a new chapter of the history of the city began, following the failure of the Dutchmen.

English New York

The New Amsterdam was renamed New York in the honor of Jacques II of England, Duc of York which had acquired the territory of his/her brother. Colonel Richard Nicolls became thus the first British governor of the town of New York. However, in war against the French, the English were constrained to yield their colony lately acquired to the United Provinces, which renamed it New Orange in 1673, before recovering it following a treaty concluded between the two countries in 1674 following the Third War Anglo-Dutch. Under the English domination, New York lost its role of commercial counter to become a city with whole share. In 1754, the Université Columbia was founded in the district of Lower Manhattan under the name of King' S College thanks to a charter granted by the king George II. The presence of the British troops in the city gradually irritated the New Yorkeans, whose anger was amplified by two commercial laws voted by the British Parliament: the Sugar Act in 1764 then the Stamp Act in 1765. To counter these discriminatory measurements for the thirteen colonies of the continent, the Stamp Act Congress was held in New York on October 7th 1765, and the Fils of Freedom started to appear. The revocation of Stamp Act alleviated temporarily the relations in 1766, but the Townshend Acts of 1767 gave place to confrontations between the civilians and the soldiers. The incidents of the Boston Tea Party in December 1773 inspired New York which knew its clean Tea Party on April 22nd 1774. The tensions calmed down temporarily during a few years, but the threat of George Washington to cut the bonds between New York and the other colonies in the event of British domination led the city in the war of independence, as well as the remainder of the futures the United States.

New York in the middle of the war of independence

New York represented a major stake in the war of independence being given its importance for the British kingdom. George Washington thus gave her support for the city as of 1776, in particular while bringing there the declaration of independence to encourage its men. However, the troops American, too very few vis-a-vis those of the British army directed by William Howe were gradually pushed back between August and October, which pushed Washington to withdraw on October 16th. New York fell thus to the hands from the British, and this during the totality of the conflict, i.e. 1776 with 1783. Indeed, it is only during the signature of the treated of Paris, putting fine at the conflict on September 3rd 1783 that the independence of the city was acquired, at the same time as that of the country. Washington went back thus victorious to New York on December 4th. This same George Washington was invested President of the United States to the Federal Hall in 1789, whereas New York was the capital of the country.

The emergence of the city

In spite of the loss of its role of federal capital, and capital of the State of New York, the town of New York knew an exponential growth between 1790 and 1820, by seeing its population passing from 33 000 with 123 706 inhabitants. It became thus more the big city of the country. The city also was instigated by the arrival of immigrants at the beginning of the XIXe century, as by the application of the Commissioners' Plan of 1811 which defined a road system crossing the totality of the island of Manhattan. The rise of the New York Stock Exchange then the opening of the Channel Érié in 1819, under the mandate of DeWitt Clinton affirmed the domination of the wearing of New York, and made city the first commercial place of the the United States. The favorable context brought the aristocracy and the commercial rich person of the city to require the construction of a green big space; it is in this context that the building work of Central Park began in 1857.

Only the American Civil War which took place between 1861 and 1865 enamelled the prosperity of the city. The inhabitants of the city, for the majority of the tradesmen, did not wish to launch out in the conflict, since they maintained the commercial relations with the States confederated of America. But when the president Abraham Lincoln founded the first conscription during the summer 1863, the New Yorkeans reacted in violence, during the Draft Riots who remained one of the episodes more the violent ones in the history of the country, with 105 killed civilians.

The rise of the city began again immediately after the end of the civil war, in spite of the seizure of the Tammany Hall on the institutions policy of the city. The field of arts knew a véritbale development at the end of the XIXe century, with the creation of the Metropolitan Museum off Art, of the Carnegie Hall, or of the New York Botanical Garden . The inauguration of the Statue of Freedom in 1886 made of New York a symbol of freedom for the million immigrants coming from Europe; indeed, on 23 million Europeans made at the the United States between 1880 and 1919, 17 million approximately unloaded in New York, and the majority remained there.

New York with XXe then in XXIe century

A world city…

The XXe century marked truly the rise of New York towards the role of city world, in the sense that the city becomes an arts center, decisional and financier of foreground. The extraordinary architectural adventure begun at the end from the XIXe century posed the first stone of the development of the modern Architecture, with in particular the beginning of the era of the Gratte-ciel S, which flower today literally in all the American big cities. In the political arena and economic, the domination of New York appeared with the Bourse and the rise of Wall Street, like with the financial large companies based in the city. Obtaining the head office of UNO in 1949 also played a determining role in the development of Big Apple .

… struck in full heart

But the modern history of the city was also marked by the Attentats of September 11th, 2001, which struck the town of New York as much than the the United States, for the first time attacked on their territory. The destruction of the twin towers of the World Trade Center, as well as many surrounding buildings, remains an episode traumatisant for the inhabitants of the city, which however found since its prosperity of before the crisis.

Symbols and nicknames

The official flag of New York carries the same colors (on bars with equal dimensions) that the flag of the United Provinces such as it was used in 1625, the year when Manhattan was colonized. In its center is reproduced, in blue, the seal of the city. On this last several elements symbolic systems are reproduced: the eagle represents the State of New York. The Amerindian evokes the first inhabitants of the area, while the sailor evokes the colonists: their joint evocation confers the idea of a union between the two people. The beaver refers to the Compagnie Dutchwoman of the Western Indies. The barrel and the flower refer to the first times of New Yorkean industry. The windmill is a recall of the history Dutchwoman of New York. As for Eboracum , it was the name of the town of York at the time Roman.

In report with the Orleans News, John J. Fitzgerald intended the stable boys to call the racecourses of New York, “ The Big Apple ”. The term rained to him and it gave like titrates with its chronicle Around the Big Apple . Ten years later, of many musicians of Jazz started to use the term of Big Apple to indicate New York, and more particularly the district of Harlem (in Manhattan), regarded as the world capital of the jazz. They said that there were many apples on the trees of success, but that, when you select New York City, you select large apple. In 1971, this expression became all its extensive thanks to Charles Gillett (President of the NY Convention and Visitors Bureau) who launched a publicity campaign on the topic of the Big Apple . This one was relayed by the agency BBH London which launched this expression to England. Since this expression became current. 35% of the English even affirm that it is typically English and not of American origin.

Geography

The town of New York is located on the east coast of the United States of America, with the mouth of the river Hudson on the Atlantic Ocean, halfway between Washington DC and Boston. This privileged situation is reinforced by the presence of the affluent of the Mohawk: New York is connected to the Big lakes and the Grandes Plains. It includes/understands the island of Manhattan, Staten Island, the western part of the island of Long Island, a district built on the continent (Bronx), and several other small islands, located in the arms of the sea and bay: Roosevelt Island, Riker' S Island (a prison), Prall' S Island (ornithological reserve), Liberty Island (statue of Freedom), Isle off Meadow (natural reserve), Governors Island, Ellis Island, City Island, Ward' S Island. The territory was arranged considerably by the men, with extensions like Battery Park City in the years 1960 and 1970 or of the profound changes of the Topographie, particularly in Manhattan.

Total surface area of the town of New York east of 1 214 km ², including 785 km ² of emerged grounds and 429 km ² of water. Maximum altitude is of 124,9 m to the top of the sea level, on Todt Hill in Staten Island.

The city is located at a latitude of 40,714 ' and a longitude of -74,006 '

Climate

The town of New York is subjected to a typical climatic diagram of the north-eastern zone of the Atlantic coast , similar to that which governs the north-eastern coast of the Asia. The influence of great masses of air combined with the presence very close to the ocean contribute to accentuate contrasts climatic. Also, although New York is with a latitude of moderated zone, these climatic conditions can cause Ouragan S, heatwave, snowstorms or violent one Orage S, and day to another, change time in a spectacular way. During one year normal, the temperature curve knows important variations, being able to go from -25,5°C in winter to 41°C in summer, that is to say an amplitude of 65,5°C.

The rate/rhythm of the seasons in New York is defined in the following way:

From December to mid-March : January and February are the most cold months. Usually at daybreak it makes -2°C with -5°C and the afternoon +3°C with +5°C but 2 to 3 winters out of 10 the temperatures go down below -18°C and even reached -26°C certain February. New York receives abundant snowfalls. During the season it falls on average 60 to 90 cm from snow . Time is often very cloudy, it snows or rains generally 10 to 12 days per month, but a snowstorm can last one week.
Of mid-March with mid-May : spring is short . The temperatures go up out of arrow; from 7°C the afternoon mid-March, one passes very quickly to 14°C in April and 20°C in May. Early morning frosts of March (- 1°C) are very quickly replaced by soft mornings (5°C in April, then 12°C in May). However it as frequently rains as in Hiver: 11 to 12 days per month.
Of mid-May at October: a long and hot summer : 25°C with 28°C the afternoon, 15°C with 19°C the morning. It is the hottest July. It happens that the temperatures reach 35°C and pass very close to even the 40°C in the shade, certain summers. New York is then choking. The summer is very sunny since one records 65 to 70 per 100 of sunning compared to the maximum duration of possible insolation. During this season, one observes an average from 18 to 25 days when the temperature exceeds 32 °C. The tornadoes which occur rather at the end of May at the end of August are very rare.
November: a short autumn of transition . The temperatures fall very quickly, they fall to 10°C the afternoon and 3°C the morning. With September and October, it is the driest month. But, generally, a wet or dry season ago. The distribution of the rains is appreciably the same one throughout the year (75 to 100 mm each month and 9 to 12 days rainy each month). As for the storms of wind, one observes 30 days of them per annum.
Effect Canynon : With Manhattan, the urbanization in height has erratic effects on the wind. One speaks about canyon effect - typical of Midtown and Uptown - when the wind " rebondit" on the ground and against the sides of the skyscrapers, and forms ascending airstreams.

Territorial cutting

The town of New York consists of five districts (in English Borough S ), which coincide each one with a county of the State of New York ( county ).

Manhattan (or County of New York ), 1 546 856 inhabitants. The island of Manhattan corresponds to the richest district of the town of New York, while being most famous, since the majority of the most famous buildings of the world are in Manhattan. Manhattan is also presented in the form of a money market of world importance, with the index Dow Jones (NYSE) and the Nasdaq. But Manhattan is also a major decisional center: sit of UNO, many seats of companies, which does of it one of the most powerful places of planet. At the university level, Manhattan shelters the Université of New York, the prestigious university of Columbia (pertaining to the Ivy League) or Fordham University.

Bronx (or County of Bronx ), 1 354 068 inhabitants. Bronx was regarded a long time as the poor district of the town of New York, but for a few years, the policy of the city has made it possible to make Bronx much more attractive. This district is also regarded as the cradle of the culture hip-hop, which was now spread largely in the world, and as a district which accommodates Hispanic and black minorities, contributing to the image of melting pot of the city. Bronx shelters moreover new the Fulton Fish Market, which is one of the main markets to the maritime products of the east coast. The team of the New York Yankees plays her matches in the Yankee Stadium, located at the border between Manhattan and the Bronx.

Brooklyn (or County of Kings ), 2 488 194 inhabitants. Brooklyn is a district with residential tendency, which explains why it is the borough more populated city. Brooklyn was an independent city a long time, before being attached to New York City in 1898. Brooklyn presents moreover one of the rare beaches of the city.

Queens (or County of Queens ), 2 237 815 inhabitants. The Queens is at the same time a residential district and industrial; it is moreover vastest of the town of New York. The Queens is very open on outside, thanks to its proximity with the two principal airports of the city, JFK, and Guardia Airport. The Queens also shelters one of the major tennis tournaments of the season, the US Open. The Unisphere (steel sphere representing the ground), located at Flushing Meadows, is regarded besides as the symbol of the Queens, with an idea of opening on the world and universality.

Staten Island (or County of Richmond ), 457 383 inhabitants, is the borough less integrated into the town of New York, would be this only by its geographical distance. Staten Island is connected to Brooklyn by the Verrazano Narrows Bridge, one of the longest suspended bridges of the world.

Geology The geological past of the area allowed the formation of the archipelago the point of bay, one of the principal notches of the east coast of the United States. The broad and major inland waterways and the considerable length of the littoral facilitated the access and the damping of the ships. The situation of the city, with the mouth Hudson To rivet it, its protected bay, where several other inland waterways emerge, supported the growth of New York and contributed to do one of the main ports of the United States of it. Today, of the five districts of New York, only the bronx is attached to the continent.

There is 17 000 years, during the glaciation, the site of New York was covered by glacier a 300 meters thickness and the shore in withdrawal with 160 km. The southern limit of the glacier is announced by a series of hills: the terminal moraine.

Of -17 000 with -13 000 years. Cast iron of the glaciers, the terminal moraine played the part of dam and the valleys dug by the glaciation (Hudson Is and Harlem River) filled of water. Thereafter, the rupture of the narrow part of the terminal moraine opened the lakes with the sea.

Of-13 000 at our days. The sea reached its current level, there is 6 000 with 4 000 years and to the shore the aspect gave that we know to him.

note: Isham Park, to the north of Manhattan, offers the face discovered of an old marble mass of 500 million years.

Fauna and flora

in Hudson To rivet

Located at the point of meeting of fresh water of Husdon and those, salted, of bay of New York, the port, although it became one of most active world, remains populated many species. Watery fauna room there côtoie a seasonal marine animal-life; certain migrating fish (bars, sturgeons) will clear upstream on Hudson. Paradoxically, much of species are common here: pollution preserved them of any capture for the consumption of mass. Crab, lobsters and shrimps live on the bottom, while the peregrine falcon carries out vertiginous piqués starting from the bridges!

Example of species present: the gull atricille, the butterfly fish in four eyes, the blue crab, the eel of America, the striped bar, the alose of America, gulls and seagulls.

With Central Park

Central Park (literally Central Park) is an green area of a surface of 341 hectares (3,41 km ², approximately 4 km out of 800 m), located in the borough from Manhattan in New York. It is managed by Central Park Conservancy (committee of safeguard of Central Park) which has an annual budget of 200 million dollars, and is maintained as well as the other green areas the city by the New York City Department off Parks and Recreation (Department of the green areas of the town of New York). Central Park constitutes more green big space of the town of New York, if one takes into account only the five large boroughs of the city. Completed in 1873 after thirteen years of construction, according to the plans of Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux (also at the origin of the Park Prospective customer of Brooklyn), Central Park represents an oasis of greenery in the middle of the forest of scrapes-ciels of Manhattan, even if it is located at the north of the island where the buildings are less low. It is delimited by the 110e street in north, the Eighth avenue in the west, the 59e street in the south and the Fifth avenue in the east. These streets are respectively baptized North Central Park, West Central Park and South Central Park, and the park is framed by two residential districts: Upper East Side (in the east) and Upper West Side (in the west). With on average 25 million visitors per annum, Central Park is the park more visited in the United States.

Its natural aspect is the result of an important landscape work: the park contains several artificial lakes (whose most important, The Reservoir extends on 0,43km ²), of the footpaths, two tracks of ice-skating on ice, a protection zone of the wild life and lawns to practice sports and plays of outdoor. The park is moreover a “sanctuary” for the migratory birds, where many observers come to discover them. A 9,7 km length road, relatively little attended by the motorists, surrounds the park. It can be borrowed by the pedestrians, the long-distance runners, the cyclists or the followers of the roller, especially the weekend and in week after nineteen hours, when the motor vehicle traffic is completely prohibited there.

Urban

In spite of its universe of concrete and skyscraper, New York is the refuge of a fauna and a flora which, to the wire of the decades, gradually adapted to this artificial environment. It is not thus astonishing to see only this " milieu" atypical attracted highly adaptable species initially, in particular those introduced by the man - as the sparrows, the starlings or the pigeons -, often originating in Europe. Without direct competition, they multiplied there, sometimes creating new problems with the man himself.

Example of species present: the starling, the surmulot, the dogwood, the pigeon biset and the peregrine falcon (which controls the populations of pigeons, starlings and sparrows). -->

Demography

Evolution and distribution

| valign=" top" | |- |} New York is the most populated city of the United States, with a population close to twice higher than the second city to the country, Los Angeles (: 4097340 inhabitants). It counts indeed: 8214426 inhabitants in 2006, which represents nearly 40% of the population of the State of New York. The New Yorkean Agglomération, which extends on the States New Jersey and from New York, gathers as for it 21 million inhabitants. : 24116176 people live in the urban Aire of New York, which places it at the second world rank behind Tokyo at the Japan. The average Density reached: 10194 habitants/km ²: New York is the metropolis densément populated of the United States, far in front of San Francisco.

In the middle of the 18th century, New York is populated than Boston and Philadelphia. But the development of the trade, the industry and the arrival of million European migrants cause a fort Increase in population at the next century. The New Yorkean population exceeds that of Paris at the end of the Années 1880 but still remains behind London.
After the Second world war the urban population decreases because of the Exurbanisation and the social difficulties. The phenomenon, which touches the majority of the American cities, is particularly strong in New York which loses: 821000 inhabitants between 1950 and 1980, is a fall of approximately 10%. But in the last decades of the 20th century, the population increases again. Thus, between 1990 and 2000, the city gained: 685714 inhabitants thanks to immigration. Certain studies estimate that New York could reach between 9,2 and 9,5 million inhabitants in 2030.

Demographic characteristics

According to the census of 2000, the average Life expectancy of the New Yorkeans is higher than that of the Americans as a whole (80,2 years for the women; 74,5 years for the men).

The age structure reveals a relatively young population (11,9% are 65 years old or more) and a big part of people having the age to work (75,8%). In 2005, the median age in New York east 35,8 years, is a little less than the national average (36,4 years). The women are surreprésentées compared to the American average (52,6% women for 47,4% men). In 2005, the average revenue per capita is of: 27233 dollars in New York, and 47,7% of the inhabitants are expressed in another language that English at the house, primarily of the Irishmen and the Germans. Between 1880 and 1920, the migrants come from Europe of the South (Italy, Greece, etc) and from Eastern Europe (Polish, Russian,…) after having crossed the Atlantic Ocean until Ellis Island. For this period, the Jews flee the Pogrom S: about 1915, they are 1,5 million in New York. After the laws on the quotas of immigration of Johnson-Reed (1924), the number of arrivals falls considerably.

At the beginning of the XXe century, more: 20000 Afro-américains settle in the district of Harlem. Between 1940 and 1960, the Porto Ricans arrive massively at New York and their number passes from: 60000 with: 600000. After the Immigration and Nationality Act off 1965, immigration begins again at important intervals, but the origin of the migrants changes: they come from now on from Latin America, of the the Caribbean, Asia and the USSR. In the years 1970-1990, these migrants do not settle only any more in Manhattan but also in the peripheral districts (Brooklyn, Queens, Staten Island) and the suburbs. Between the 1990 and 2000 city accommodated: 1224524 immigrants; however, the towns of Los Angeles and Miami dispute in New York the first place for immigration.

Administration and policy

Although depend on the State of New York, the Town of New York profits from a broad legislative and executive autonomy and from an administration more centralized than the majority of the other American cities. This statute is defined by a charter, amended and promulgated by the legislative Parliament of the State of New York, and sometimes by Référendum. The municipality is responsible for public education, the libraries, public safety, hygiene, the water provision, the services of social assistance, the penitentiaries establishments and the equipment of leisures.

The New Yorkeans, although their mayor is republican since 1994, are very mainly democratic and liberal: at the time of the presidential election of 2004 the democratic candidate John Kerry thus obtained more 74 % of the voices in the city, whereas it lost the election at the national level. 66% of the recorded voters are democratic.

It should be noted that the New Yorkean administration is divided into three branches: executive, legislative and legal.

Executive

See also: List of the mayors of New York

The mayor incarnates the executive power. He is elected by the direct suffrage for a four years mandate, and directs five administrative sections of the city and other institutions. These five sections are actually managed by assistants of the mayor ( Deputy mayors ). The way of voting proceeds, following the example that of the presidential election in two phases: during the first, the two principal parties, the democratic party and the republican designate their candidate, which is then subjected by the vote for all of the inhabitants of the city.

The five sections which the mayor directs are the Operations (Exploitation), Economic Development and Rebuilding (Economic development and rebuilding), Policy (General policy), Administration and Legal Affairs (legal businesses). It also has exceptional capacities in the event of urgency (climatic threat, natural disaster, riots, disorders civil, invasion).

Since 2001, the mayor is Michael Bloomberg. Each borough is directed by a Borough president . It is about a representative station to the limited capacity, which primarily consist in advising the Mayor in connection with the problems relative to a borough in particular, and in connection with the budget.

Legislature

Legal

With the difference of the remainder of the State, the counties of the town of New York do not have all courts. There exists indeed a single civil court (however having appendices in the various districts). A penal court, for each Borough , treats the minor offenses and domestic violences, jointly with the court of the family businesses.

The criminal cases are returned to the Supreme court of each county, which also deals with the civil cases most important. Thus, unlike other states or of the federal government, the Supreme court is not the highest authority of this system, as opposed to what its name indicates. The calls are treated by a specialized division of the Supreme court, and the court which decides in last spring is the Court of Appeal.

Economy

The economic weight of the New Yorkean agglomeration is considerable: in 2002, the GNP of the metropolis was of 448 billion dollars, i.e. it produces more richnesses than the Netherlands for example. The New Yorkean GNP represents more 3,5 % of the American GDP.

Secondary industry

History

The economic expansion of New York was made possible by its exceptional geographical location: established on a natural port with the outlet of Hudson, the port activities induced the industrial development of the metropolis. Textile industry developed throughout the 19th century with the arrival of the migrants of Central and Eastern Europe. About 1900, New York is the industrial town most important of the United States, in particular thanks to its banking environment and with the heavy industries established in the New Jersey. The crisis of the years 1960-1970 generated industrial waste lands in the Bronx and the Queens. For this period, the factories close because of international competition, move or are delocalized abroad. Thus, the shipyard of Navy Yard closes its doors in 1966. Between 1953 and 1992, New York loses some 700 000 industrial employment. In the middle of the Years 1970, disindustrialization and the demographic decline push the city at the edge of the bankruptcy. Since the Years 1990, several operations of rehabilitation were carried out in several districts of Large Apple. Several industrialo-harbor zones are reconverted (Brooklyn) in Loft S, in workshops of artists.

Industrial changes

Industry is an activity which did not cease evolving/moving on the Atlantic facade of the the United States. It had to be modernized, and evolve/move to answer increasing demands. The industrial sector rests today on a dense network of SME. It is very diversified, energy of traditional industries to industries of the luxury (district of the diamond cutters) while passing by high technology. Industry is found primarily in the Queens, but also on other side Hudson River, in the New Jersey.

The industrial main activities of the city are thus printing works and the edition, agribusiness industry, chemistry and petrochemistry, electricity, mechanics, electronics, and the textile clothes industry, in particular in Garment Center (Manhattan). The city has a Technopole, during “Silicon Valley” on the east coast, the “Silicon Alley”, concentrating the specialized companies in the multi-media one.

Tertiary sector

A decision-making center and finances major

See also: Contenu=Voir it [[List of the large companies having their seat in New York]]

The town of New York is regarded as centers it decisional most powerful of our planet. Typical example of the city world, Big Apple indeed concentrates many head offices, and the general headquarters of several international authorities. The most outstanding example is the presence of the head office of UNO, since 1951 with Manhattan, at the edge of the East River. But New York shelters also the seat of UNICEF for example. New York is the seat of 40 companies of the classification Fortune 500; it is twice as much as Houston. Many multinational corporations are based in the town of New York, among which JPMorgan Chase & Co. (banks), Bloomberg L.P. (financial group), Sony Music Entertainment, Colgate-Palmolive or PricewaterhouseCoopers (larger cabinet of audit of the world). Moreover, the subsidiary companies of the international large banks are all present at Manhattan. In addition, each country has a consular establishment.

New York is also the money market most powerful and most influential of the world. This power appears in the Bourse of New York, which includes several organizations. The principal organization which composes it is the NYSE ( New York Stock Exchange ), which is the most powerful purse with the actions of the world. The markets of the various world purses are indeed directly dependant on the results posted with NYSE. Among the principal companies dimensioned with the NYSE, i.e. those which belong to the Dow Jones Industrial Average , one finds Coca-Cola, Boeing, Citigroup, Exxon Mobil or Walt Disney Company. The second organization of the Bourse of New York is NASDAQ ( National association off securities dealers automated quotations ), a network completely automated present in the whole world but whose head office is in New York. The most famous companies with dimensions in Nasdaq are especially companies of high technology (Microsoft Corporation, Yahoo!, Cisco Systems, etc). Lastly, one finds the American Stock Exchange (or AMEX), the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX), and the New York Board off Trade. The majority of these financial institutions are located in the Financial District (financial district) at the south of Manhattan. On the whole, New York counts 328.000 employment in the sector of finances.

The Wearing of New York

At the origin of the economic development of the city, the wearing of New York has as of the beginning profited from a natural site protecting it from the storms. After 1819, the opening of the Canal Érié confers to him a decisive advantage compared to Boston and Philadelphia. Historically, the harbor installations were located at the south of Manhattan, in South Street Seaport. There remains today only one residual activity with Brooklyn (district of Red hook) and with Howland Hook Marine Final of Staten Island. Since the Years 1950, the transit goods (in particular of the containers) moved towards the port Final Newark-Elizabeth Marine with Newark in the New Jersey, in the north of Staten Island (world rank).

Services and other tertiary sector

New York was also the cradle of the American cinema (Paramount studios in the Queens), before the production is not moved with Hollywood. New York is nevertheless in the second place at the national level with regard to television and the cinema. This sector is currently in full growth. The city attracted more than 250 productions in 2005, which represents a rise from approximately 39% compared to 2003. The number of turnings is also in increase. Silvercup Studios West is a project of “vertical Hollywood” whose construction is planned for 2007. This complex joining together studios and offices in the Queens would become most important of the east coast.

Many companies have their seat in the district of Midtown (Manhattan), but the factories and of many services little by little moved center of the urban area towards the suburbs. The rise of the Télématique benefitted the Sun Belt. New York is also given important resources related to the Tourisme: the Large Apple attracted in 2003 some 2,3 million international tourists. The first visitors are the British (1,2 million tourists per annum), followed Germans (400 000 visitors per annum) and of the French (265 000). The French tourists privilege large the American cities: thus, on the first 20 tourist destinations of the French, five are American, the first being New York.

Press

Transport

Subway

Rail network

The network of the New Yorkean metropolis is widest of the the United States. It depends on several public companies and private.

Amtrak is the american company which manages the railway lines for the long distances. At the beginning of Pennsylvania Station, one finds connections for Washington, cd., for the States of New England, and centers it of the United States.

New Jersey Transit (NJ Transit) manages ten suburban lines in direction of the New Jersey, as well as lines of bus.

Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA). Government agency which supervises the passenger traffic of New York by the means of several agencies:

MTA New York City Transit : the principal network of the Subway and the buses of New York. The subway one of is extended to the world, its 27 lines adding up 1 160 km and 469 stations. In 2002, approximately 3,3 million users borrowed it each day. The ways are underground in the heart of Manhattan and often elevated in the other districts. The basic price is at present 1,50$.
MTA Subway-North Railroad : suburban trains at the beginning of Great Final Exchange, bound for the Bronx, of county of Westchester and Connecticut.
MTA Long Island Railroad : complete service road of the island of Long Island.
Staten Island Rapid Transit : line not connected to the remainder of the network, which crosses the district of Staten Island of north to the south.
Port Authority off New York and New Jersey : manage another of underground line between Manhattan and the New Jersey, and two lines bound for the airports of Newark (monorail) and John F. Kennedy International Airport (fast subway tram).
Authority Port Trans-Hudson or PATH : network of subway and suburban trains which ensure of the connections between Manhattan and several cities of the New Jersey.

Airports

The town of New York has three principal airports. They constitute the most active access road air most important and of the country, with 100 million travellers in 2005.

the JFK International Airport , located in the district of Jamaica in the Queens. It opened in 1948 and was renamed in the honor of president Kennedy, assassinated in 1963. It has four tracks, long of 2 560 with 4 441 meters. In 2002, the traffic was about 29 900 000 passengers, against approximately 41 million in 2005. The majority of the planes coming from Europe atterissent with JFK, which in particular accommodated the aircraft of the type Concorde until 2003.
the Newark Liberty International (Newark, New Jersey): older New Yorkean airport, open in 1928. It is located at 15 miles of Manhattan (either 26 km). It recently was however renovated, which does of it one of the most modern airports of the east coast. It ensures the interior and international connections; in 2005,33 million passengers forwarded by this airport.
the Guardia Airport (located in the district of Flushing in the Queens). It opened in 1939, and is especially reserved for the American interior flights. Its traffic was about 26 million passengers in 2005.

Ferries

The ferries are especially managed by the privately held company NY Waterway , which exploits several lines on the Hudson river. One also finds the New York Water Taxi , between Manhattan and Brooklyn, and the line Staten Island Ferry , exploited by the New York City Department off Transportation, which starts from Battery Park, in the south of Manhattan. Ferries also ensure the connection until Liberty Island (on which rises the Statue of Freedom) and until Ellis Island, where a museum is on the arrival of Europeans.

Taxis

It is very difficult to imagine the streets of the town of New York, and more particularly those of Manhattan without the famous yellow taxis, than one finds in the high-speed motorboat in films and the series TV.

The taxis are used by privately held companies, under license of the New York City Taxi & Limousine Commission . One finds two kinds of them. Initially, one recognizes the “medallion” taxis, or yellow cabs with the famous yellow color. These taxis furrow the road axes of the city permanently, and it is possible to take them directly in the street. They serve, according to the good will of the driver, the five districts of New York and part of the New Jersey. In 2004, the minimal price of a race varies between 2,5 $ and 3,5 $. It is advisable moreover to give an important tip to the driver. The yellow cabs can be anywhere in Manhattan. Moreover, these taxis represent the majority of the vehicles which one meets in the streets of New York; one counts some more: 12000.

The second category of Taxi S is made up of “because services”, which one must call by telephone, and whose distribution is managed by a computerized center. These bus services is consequently more expensive than the yellow cabs , but ensures to have a vehicle when one needs some.

There exist also independent taxis , which do not present the labels required for the yellow cabs , and which are besides often of another color that the yellow. They do not belong to any network and do not enjoy any license.

Life in New York

One often tends to associate New York with images which return often on television: brick walls, iron staircases, gullies smoking, publicities on the roofs or taxis yellow. But beyond these stereotypes, New York is true a melting pot, a city which contributes to the mixture of the cultures, the origins, and especially a city which never sleeps. According to the classification of the real group Knight Frank and ISIC Private Bank , New York is the third most expensive city of the world (behind London and Monaco) with regard to the prices of the real estate (: 25600 euros per square meter in the smartest districts).

A cosmopolitan city

In certain connections, the town of New York is more international American. It accommodates almost as many immigrants as Los Angeles. One can hear of the hundreds of different languages in New York. The tendency is with the Community regrouping, and of the whole districts were formed according to the geographic origins or cultural: Irish, Italy NS (Little Italy), Chinese (Chinatown), Korea NS, Oporto-yankees (Spanish Harlem, " El Barrio" , where was born the Salsa), African, Juifs, Polish, Russian, occupy each enclave in the city.

New York and scrapes-ciels them

The town of New York is not easily dissociable of its many skyscrapers, which contribute to return the recognizable Manhattan skyline of all. Thus, the town of New York was always the “world capital of scrapes sky”, with immense buildings, and whose notoriety is sometimes universal. One can quote initially the Empire State Building, undoubtedly the most famous building in the world. The name of State Empire comes owing to the fact that Empire State is the nickname of the state of New York. The construction of the Empire State Building began in 1930, to be completed in 1931. The style Art déco of this building gives him a sober and robust aspect, and its 381 meters made of him the most building of the world during several decades. The preferred skyscraper of the New Yorkeans is the Chrysler Building, contemporary of the Empire State Building, whose construction was completed in 1930. Built with the glory of Walter Chrysler under the direction of William Van Allen, the Chrysler building, with its 320 meters of a few months the most building of world was the space, before being détrôné by the Empire State Building. The Chrysler Building remains however the second building highest of the town of New York, at least before the construction of the Freedom Tower in 2010.

The town of New York also presents many others buildings of which it would be difficult to draw up an exhaustive list, however, one can quote the Flatiron Building, regarded as one of the first skyscrapers, the GE Building, the highest skyscraper of the Rockefeller Center with 259 meters, the Trump World Tower, highest tower block of the world with 262 meters, the MetLife Building, and its 246 meters, the Woolworth Building located in the financial district and who culminates with 241 meters, or the Solow Building, near to Central Park and its 210 meters.

For more descriptions, to see fifty higher buildings of New York.

Entertainments

Places of relaxation

Tourism holds an important place in the town of New York where one finds hundreds of places to visit and places to divert itself. 40 million tourists visits the city each year. Among the places of the city which accommodate the most tourists, one finds Wall Street, the Statue of Freedom, the Empire State Building, the Pont of Brooklyn, the Fifth Avenue or Central Park. The World Trade Center and its twin towers were also a privileged destination before the September 11th, 2001, even if since, Ground Zero attracts many people. Another also attended but more original place is the store of toys FAO Schwarz of Manhattan: one can see long lines of waiting sometimes there on the pavements.

The morning of Thanksgiving, celebrated each year fourth Thursday of November, proceeds the Macy' S Thanksgiving Day Parade , organized by the department store Macy' S, which attracts thousands of spectators and million of televiewers. It is retransmise besides on television.

Along Broadway and more particularly with Times Square, one finds a concentration of Théâtre S, trade and places of entertainment. Among the most famous theaters, one can quote the Radio City Music Hall, the Carnegie Hall or the Madison Square Garden. Times Square is also very famous because of its luminous billboards which give a perpetual impression of movement.

Several mythical places point out the place that New York played in the history of the Jazz. Most famous of them, the Blue Notes Club , accommodated the greatest legends of the jazz and continuous to propose to two daily concerts with increasingly made up customers tourists. The district of Harlem, located at the north of Manhattan also owes its success with its fundamental role in the history of the jazz.

New York has 113 km ² green areas and approximately 22 km of public beaches. Big Apple also has important public parks, of which most famous is Central Park, the lung of the city which is the park more visited of the country. Principal the other parks of the city are Riverside Park, Battery Park, Pelham Bay Park, Staten Island Greenbelt, Flushing Meadow Corona Park, or Prospect Park. The city has also several Zoo S, among which Central Park Zoo and the Bronx Zoo. With regard to the amusement parks, Coney Island, located at the south of Brooklyn, includes/understands the Aquarium of New York, the sets of arcades and open attractions: Large wheel, of Russian old women Mountains of wood, or Bumper car S…

Sports

Criminality and safety

As in the remainder of the United States, criminality and the Délinquance decreased with the beginning of the year 1990 in New York. This success is due partly to the action of the mayor of the city, Rudolph Giuliani, between 1993 and 1998. During this period, the number of murders per annum was divided by more than three, passing from 2 245 to 633, for a population of 10 million inhabitants. The index of criminality dropped by 22,1% between 2001 and 2006. Among the 25 plus big cities of the United States, New York is surest on the level of the total index of criminality for: 100000 inhabitants. In parallel one witnesses an increase in the number of burs whose most famous of Amadou Diallo in 1999 is surely the assassination. These results are the consequence of several factors, of which most important are the policy of “Tolérance zero”, the fall of unemployment, the rehabilitation of the districts of the north of Manhattan (for example of Harlem), of the integration of the ethnic minorities in, or the concerted work police force of the various municipal institutions, in particular of the schools. The feeling of insecurity dropped and it is completely possible to walk without fear in all the districts of Manhattan. It is only advised with the tourists to be more vigilant the night and to avoid certain places such as Central Park.

Education and Art in New York

General information

In the 20th century, New York one played a leading role in the American culture. It is during the Entre-deux-guerres, that Harlem became the center of the revival of the Culture Afro-American, called Renaissance of Harlem, which touched all the fields of artistic creation and arts person. In second half of the XXe century are born from new artistic kinds (abstract Expressionnisme) and musical (Punk and Hip-hop in the years 1970). A culture of the street ( street culture ) develops around the Rap, of the Graffiti, the deejaying, the Break dance and of the Streetwear and diffuses itself in the whole world from New York.

New York remains today one of the principal cultural hearths of planet. Indeed, the city accommodates approximately: 2000 organizations cultural and artistic and more than 500 galleries of Article the Département of the cultural affairs of the town of New York, functions with an annual budget of 131 million dollars, which represents the first American budget cultural public, in front of that of the National Endowment for the Arts, the cultural agency “federal”. It finances several tens of cultural institutions in the city (museums, academies, theaters), whereas the Université Fordham is one of the most famous universities Jésuite S of the east coast. But New York does not count only on its private establishments to ensure its academic reputation; indeed, the Université of the Town of New York is the largest urban university of the the United States, whereas the City College off New York, located at Harlem is famous made of numerous Nobel Prize. Moreover, in the field of the Art S, the Cooper Union, founded in 1859 constitutes one of the most selective establishments in the world.

Museums

See also: List of the museums and the cultural institutions of New York

The Metropolitan Museum off Art is most famous of Manhattan. with its two million works, its: 130000 square meters and its 4,5 million annual visitors, the “MET” is placed among the largest museums of the world. Other museums, dispersed in all the city, also propose collections of art general practitioners (The Frick Collection, the Brooklyn Museum, the Queens Museum off Art) or specialized (The Cloisters for the Middle Ages; the American Folk Art Museum and the Whitney Museum off American Art for the American art). The Contemporary art is represented by many institutions such as the Musée Solomon R. Guggenheim, the Museum off Modern Art or the New Museum off Contemporary Art.

In the field of sciences and technology, one off finds the New York Hall Science, the Skyscraper Museum or the Staten Island Institute off Arts & Sciences; but most prestigious is the American Museum off Natural History with its 32 million specimen and objects, like its Planétarium.

Lastly, of many museums the history and the ethnic diversity of New York illustrate: in the north of Manhattan, are the Studio Museum in Harlem (Culture Afro-American), the Museum off the City off New York, The Hispanic Society off America and the museum of Barrio (Hispanic and Latin-American culture), the Jewish Musée of New York. The New York City Fire Museum and the New York City Police Museum pay homage to the firemen and the police officers.

List museums of New York:

Painting in New York

The school of New York inaugurates the abstract Expressionnisme during the Second world war and which is divided into two principal tendencies: the “Action Painting” and the “Colorfield Painting”. The first representatives of this artistic current are Willem de Kooning, Clyfford Still, Jackson Pollock, Mark Rothko or AD Reinhardt. These artists are followed by a generation of women like Joan Mitchell, Helen Frankenthaler and Lee Krasner. Come then the New Yorkean artists, Pop Art like Andy Warhol, Keith Haring or Jean-Michel Basquiat and of the Conceptual art like Robert Morris, which show the vitality of New York in the field of the Contemporary art.

New York in the popular culture

New York with the cinema

The town of New York is the theater of very many films and very many televised series: it is the second cinematographic production center of the United States, behind Hollywood. This is explained by the fact why the framework of Big Apple is favourable with turnings, with scrapes-ciels and the multitude of small districts which correspond to several lifestyles. The characters of films being held in New York can thus be of any origines, to have any kinds of employment, which reinforces this image of melting-pot that it is sometimes a question of showing in these same films or series.

The famous films which are held in New York are legion, and the city is used as decoration with all the cinematographic kinds. One can first of all quote New York, New York or Gangs off New York of the New Yorkean realizer Martin Scorsese, Diamants on settee of Blake Edwards, Manhattan of Woody Allen and the musical comedies One day in New York , West Side Story and Fame . In another kind, the three versions of King Kong have very as a New York framework, like the Godfather , It was once in Freed America and the , which deals with the Maffia, or in more comic register a prince in New York , with Eddie Murphy, Madagascar of the studios Dreamworks or the Gendarme in New York with Louis de Funès. The three film adaptations of the comics Spiderman emphasize largely architecture new yorkaise, in particular at the time of the sequences where the man-spider moves building out of building in the city.

The Attentats of September 11th, 2001 also inspired several realizers, who put in images either the terrorist attacks themselves, or the impact that they had on the city and his inhabitants. Thus the credits of the 25e hour , of Spike Lee, show it beams of light under several angles, before a broader plan reveals that it is those which rise towards the sky to replace the turns of the disappeared World Trade Center from now on. The film The Guys with Sigourney Weaver left in 2002 treated, him, of the difficulty in forgetting these events and overcoming the absence of the people deceased this day. The same year, 11 ' 09" 01 (Eleven minutes, nine seconds, an image) brought together eleven realizers of various origins, each one showing a different point of view on the attacks. In 2004, Michael Moore included in her documentary Fahrenheit 9/11 of many sequences of the attacks. The film World Trade Center of Oliver Stone depicts, him, the chronology of this day through the glance of two police officers, one of them being interpreted by Nicolas Cage. It is the first great production Hollywood ienne to treat in a direct way these attacks.

See also: Contenu=Voir the ''' [[: Category: Film being held in New York]], [[list of films being held in New York]] ''' referred on Wikipédia.

New York on television

Among the Sitcom (series TV with comic tendency) most known which are held in New York, one can quote Friends (undoubtedly most famous which, during ten years integrated the town of New York into the series, with the plans of the city that one sees in all the episodes, visits of famous places…), but also Spin City or Will and Grace for example. However, the recent series which emphasized Big Apple is incontestably Sex and the city since, turned on the spot, in the middle of the mégapole, it put the city at foreground. New York was thus considered by the creators not like a simple decoration, but like the “fifth lady” of the series, being added to four heroins. The city is absolutely indissociable series and the scenario writers always tried to anchor the episodes in New Yorkean reality, for example while making dine the characters in real restaurants and with the mode at the time on turning. Lastly, they made evolve/move the characters at the same time as the city, making move in Samantha in a loft Meatpacking District , in the south of Manhattan, just at the moment when this one emerged like a residential district (and either industrialist) very with the mode. Miranda, as for it, is forced to move in Brooklyn to find a housing which will be able to accommodate its new increased family, a revealing example of the rise in the prices of the real estate in Manhattan, which has constrained many people - even easy - to go to live in the other boroughs (districts).

New York inspires also much the authors of detective series. One thus finds all kinds of series which treat criminal cases in the town of New York, with for example the Experts: Manhattan , FBI: carried disappeared , New York judicial police , or New York 911 which treats more role of the firemen and first-aid organizations with New York.

See also: Contenu=Voir the ''' [[: Category: Televised series being held with New York]], [[list of the televised series being held in New York]] ''' referred on Wikipédia.

New York in the literature

As it is the case in the field of television, the town of New York is a source of inspiration for many writers, sometimes themselves originating in the city, which either devoted their book to New York, or taken Big Apple as tallies for their history. Here the most famous works which put in New York scene.

New York in the music

Famous characters

Cinema

Very many actors, realizers, scenario writers are originating in New York, even if the majority of the activities of the cinema are located at Hollywood in California.

Among the most famous realizers, one finds Woody Allen, born with Brooklyn in 1935, Martin Scorsese, born in the Queens in 1942, László Benedek, of Hungarian origin but deceased to New York, Stanley Kramer born with Brooklyn, Stanley Kubrick born in the Bronx, Jerome Robbins, Herbert Ross, Oliver Stone, Jerry Schatzberg or George A. Romero, Master of the film of zombies.

The actors and famous actresses originating in Big Apple are very numerous. Most famous are Robert De Niro, Al Pacino, David Schwimmer for the men, Shirley Booth, Joan Crawford, Susan Hayward, Judy Holliday, Geraldine Page, Scarlett Johansson, Ashley Olsen or Jennifer Aniston.

Physics

The town of New York made of many Nobel Prize of Physics, in particular thanks to the Bronx High School off sciences , like with prestigious the university of Columbia. Among the large physicists of the town of New York, one finds Richard Feynman, Melvin Schwartz, Sheldon Lee Glashow, Steven Weinberg, Charles Harding Townes, Russell Hulse, H. David Politzer or Roy J. Glauber, all prizes winner of the Nobel Prize.

Journalism and literature

The NewYork Times is one of the newspapers most read and most prestigious in the world. However, it is only one example of the power of the New Yorkean press. Thus, of many brilliant journalists are originating in Big Apple among which William Sherman, William Safire, Joseph Lelyveld or William Taubman, all winners of the Prix Pulitzer, given each year to Manhattan in the Université of Columbia.

Song

Big Apple is a city world, a crossroads of the cultures and civilizations, which is found in arts, or the song, so that many artists, originating in various areas of planet were born and grew in the town of New York. One can thus take the example of Jennifer Lopez, singer and actress born in the Bronx, P.Diddy rappor born with Harlem, Cool L J singer born in the Queens, Jake Shears of the Scissor Sisters Mariah Carey, born with Staten Island, 50 hundred (Curtis Jackson), rappor born in the Queens, Notorious B.I.G rappor (assassinated) born has Brooklyn, John Frusciante, guitarist of the Red Hot Chili Peppers born has Staten Island, Tupac Shakur ( 2 CAP), rappor (assassinated) born with Brooklyn, Nas rappor born in the Queens, as well as the rappeurs of the Wu-Tang Clan of Staten Island. These artists represent however only one negligible part of the singers originating in the city.

Gallery of images

Twin towns

The town of New York has twelve sister cities (“twin cities”), located on the five continents. Here these twelve cities and the date of the agreements between the municipality of New York and these cities:

See too

Random links:

Ham (Handle) | Tramont-Émy | Rosierist | Eduard Hitzig | Large-Zatri