Starting from 1614, the territories ranging between the Virginia and the New England bear indifferently the name of New-Country-Low ( Nova Belgica or Novum Belgium in Latin, News-Belgium , or of News-Néerlande Nieuw-Nederland in Dutch). De facto, with the establishment of a population in resolutely Dutch matter in competition with the two hearths of English colonization in this part of America, the New-Countries-Low were limited to its three axes: the “ Noort Rivier ” (or “river of French North”), the “ Zuide Rivier ” (or “river of the South”) and the “ Versche Rivier ” or (“Fresh river”), respectively the rivers Hudson, Delaware and Connecticut. In 1624, Pierre Minuit bases the New Amsterdam on the Island of Manhattan whereas the New-Countries-Low are incorporated in the United Provinces under the supervision of the Compagnie Dutchwoman of the Western Indies (abbreviation WIC ).
History
Henry Hudson and particular companies (1609-1624)
It is with the creation de facto of the United Provinces with the Union of Utrecht of 1573, in constant rebellion with the Spain of Philippe II and Philippe III which are born this new commercial and maritime power from the Western Europe. Joined together soon in companies of importation and exports, the merchants Dutch, in complicity with the State, found the Compagnie Dutchwoman of the Eastern Indies (abbreviation VOC ) in 1602. The latter, seeking new trade route which could prove to be advantageous, engages the captain and exploring Henry Hudson to explore the road of the North-West, the passage by Siberian north towards the Asia. This one, having already tried the same way for the account of investors English (Muscovite Compagnie), it decides, with the bar of the ship Halve Maen (half-moon), to look for the way of the Indies towards the west, as the notes of the English captain indicated it John Smith which had belonged to the first attempt at permanent colonization in English Virginia and this against the directives which it accepted from his employer.
From Virginia, it goes up the east coast American to the mouth of the Zuide Rivier (at the time unknown) then to bay of New York that Verrazano had baptized “News-Angouleme” in 1524. Going up the river which was going to bear its name, it realized quickly that probably did not lead to the kingdom of Cathay. It is besides of its log book that one meets for the first time the Amerindian term “Manna-hastened”, term whose personal “Manhattan” for the island reigning with the meeting derives from the river and the ocean.
Graining the way, its voyage for the account of Dutch private interests was going to light a notable commercial interest for the draft of the furs in the delta of the Noort Rivier .
As of the year according to and during the years which followed, four companies Dutchwomen had the competition for the trade of the draft of the fur skins with the Amerindians of the area. Two stations probably were thus set up as of 1611 with the height of the future Fort Orange, on the island of Castle, and with the estuary of the Versche Rivier (corresponding to the river Connecticut).
These four companies worrying about the negative impact of a competition, linked and accepted in 1614 General states a charter of company with monopoly yielding to them the whole exploitation of the trade of the furs on the territory located between the 40e and the 45e parallel for three years. However, the competition nothing but did worsen until in 1621, year when the Company Dutchwoman of the Western Indies (on the model of the VOC) was setting-up. The first voyage that this new entity directed mainly by the chamber of commerce of Amsterdam spread out 1623 with 1624.
History of the colony (1624-1673)
In 1624, the first families of settlers, called to manage the counters of trade, as a majority are sent upstream in the valley of Hudson. On the island of Manhattan, one finds only some plantations and a little breeding. In 1625, under the growing threat of an attack coming from other colonial powers, the leaders of the Company Dutchwoman of the Western Indies decided to protect the mouth from the Hudson river, and to gather the activities of the commercial counters in a strengthened enclosure. In 1626, Pierre Minuit negotiates the purchase of the island of Manhattan to the Indians Lenape S, for 60 guilders of goods. During the construction of the fort, the war enters the Mohawks and the constrained Mohicans the company to precipitate the displacement of the colonists inside Fort Amsterdam. In 1658 is founded the colony of Nieuw Haarlem .
During the second Anglo-néerlandaise war, which opposes the England to the United Provinces, the New-Countries-Low are conquered by the English. The managing director Peter Stuyvesant delivers New Amsterdam the September 24th 1664. The colony is renamed New York, in the honor of the Duc of York, brother of the king Charles II. In 1667 the Netherlanders give up their claims on this portion of the American territory, at the time of the Traité of Breda, and obtain in return sovereignty on the Surinam. However, at the time of an other war opposing the English to the Netherlanders, the latter briefly take again the colony in 1673 (renamed News-Orange ), before the English do not recover it with the Traité of Westminster, the February 19th 1674.
The heritage and recognition
Presence Dutchwoman, it remains today a certain number of place names New-Yorkais, such as Coney Island ( Konijnen Eiland ), Brooklyn ( Breukelen ), Harlem ( Nieuw Haarlem ), Flushing ( Vlissingen ) and Staten Island ( Staaten Eylandt ).
- the bay of Gowanus draws its name from Owanus (Ohain, village of the the Walloon Brabant).
- the bay of Wallabout, to the north of Brooklyn, wants to say " bay wallonne" in Dutch ( Waal bocht ).
- the name of Hoboken, in the New Jersey, comes from a commune of the agglomeration of Antwerp in Flanders.
- Communipaw, with Jersey City, is the contraction of Community off Pauw .
- In addition to New York (Nieuw-Amsterdam), Schenectady, Albany (Beverwijck), the current capital of the State of New York and Kingston (Wiltwijck) were all founded at the time colonial Dutchwoman.
Precise details as for the name of the colony
Many other terms were used to indicate the North-American colony of the United Provinces. “News-Holland” is commonly retained in the French-speaking literature because of the generalization of the term “Holland” to indicate the federation of the Netherlands - whose two provinces out of the ten name Holland. But the term is discussed since the Netherlanders named them-even several colony under the term `' Nieuw Holland''. The Australia was thus baptized by the first explorers in Oceania and retained this name until the XIXe century. More recently, basing itself on old French manuscripts, Louis Sicking (Border of Overseas. France and the Netherlands in the Atlantic world at the XIXè century) gave to the mode the News-Néerlande term.The News-Belgium term, also used to evoke the New-Countries-Low, refers to old the Netherlands, which then covered part of the north of the France and Lorraine, the Belgium, the Luxembourg and the current Netherlands. Its inhabitants were called the “Belgians” in the Romance languages, and the “Nederlandais” in the Germanic languages, but these adjectives were not frequent use. Themselves preferred to continue to be called Dutch, Brabançons, Flemish, Frisons, Zélandais, Wallons, Hennuyers, Tournaisiens, Gueldrois, Namurois or Luxembourg, according to the case. For the rest of the world, they was especially the “ Dutch ”. On a chart of North America, Louis Hennepin mentions Nouveau “Feed Low”. The English also called them “ Dutch ”, which designated rather German (Deutsch), because the Burgundian Netherlands (become Spanish, then Austrian) made part of the Holy roman Empire, and because the distinction between the language Dutch E and the language German E was not so obvious at the time. A first seal going back to 1623 is marked the emblem of a beaver and “ Sigillum Novi Belgii ”. The seal of New Amsterdam, going back to 1654, is marked as for him “ Sigillum Amstellodamensis in Novo Belgio ”. In order to differentiate the Latin concept of Belgium ( Belgica ) and that which is contemporary for us, the term is seldom retained in the French literature so far.
References
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