The neocolonialism describes a policy imperialist specific to the old colonial powers with respect to their old colony S. Aujourd'hui the souverainists of the Quebec denounce the neo-colonial policies of Canada towards Quebec.

The neocolonialism is a term employed to describe certain economic operations with the international level which would have similarities with the traditional Colonialisme between XVIe and the XIXe centuries. The neocolonialism is the control of other nations by indirect means: Instead of a direct control, military and political, the powers neocoloniaslists use marketing policies, economic and financial in order to dominate of the less powerful countries. Those which defend this concept claim that this amounts controlling de facto the nations concerned (see the Théorie of the dependence of Immanuel Wallerstein).

The old colonizing states, and other states economically strong, continue to maintain their presence in the economies of the old colonies, particularly concerning the raw materials. After a process accelerated of decolonization of the Belgian Congo, Belgium continued to control, through the General society of Belgium, roughly 70% of the Congolese economy. The part of the country which knew the most dispute was the province of Katanga where the mining Union of High Katanga, pertaining to this company, had control on this province rich in minerals and resources. After an attempt to nationalize mining industry failed in the Sixties, this one was reopened with the overseas investment.

Critics of neocolonialism depict choice to grant or to refuse loans (in particular those having to finance a debt of a country of the Tiers-monde which could not be refunded differently), particularly by international financial institutions such as the Fonds international currency and the the World Bank, like a form of decisive control. They plead that, in order to qualify itself for these loans (as well as for other forms of economic aid), weaker nations are forced to take measures (structural adjustments) favorable to the financial interests of the FMI/BM, but harmful with their own economies and often with their safety, increasing to them Pauvreté rather than to reduce it.

Some critical stress that the neocolonialism allows certain trusts nations, the such the World Bank, to control and to exploit countries (usually) less developed (PMD) by maintaining their debt. Indeed, the leaders of the third world grant concessions and monopolies to the foreign companies in exchange of the consolidation them personal capacity and bribes. In the majority of the cases, most of the money lent to these PMD is turned over to the privileged foreign companies. Thus, these foreign loans are, in fact, of the subsidies at the companies which are dependant of friendship with the leaders of the state borrower. This complicity is sometimes indicated under the name of " corporatocratie." The marked organizations to take part in the neo-imperialism include the World Bank, the World Trade organization, the Group of the Eight (G8) and the World economic forum. Various states among " the countries riches" , in particular the United States, would be implied. A first hand description, made by an initiate, corporatocratie, is in the book the Confessions of an economic hired killer writes by John Perkins.

The critics of the neocolonialism also try to show that the investment made by multinationals enriches some people in the underdeveloped countries, and causes for the populations which live these “néo-colonies, a humane catastrophe (as well environmental as ecological).” This, argues one, has like consequence an insupportable development and a perpetual underdevelopment; a dependence which makes it possible at a cheap rate to exploit these become countries of the tanks of raw material and labor, and which restricts the access to the advanced techniques of production which would enable them to develop their own economy.

On the other hand, the defenders of the concept of the neocolonialism say that, if the rich countries benefit from labor at a cheap rate and the raw materials of the underdeveloped nations, in the final analysis, that becomes an element positive modernisator for the development of the third world.

Neocolonialism: fact following the decolonization

The use of the neocolonialism term was spread for the first time, particularly in reference to the Africa, shortly after the process of decolonization which followed the end of the second world war, which made following the fight carried out by several national movements of independence in the colonies. By gaining their independence, certain leaders and certain national groups of opposition declared that their countries were subjected to a new form of colonialism, imposed by the old colonial powers and other developed nations. In Africa, the French played a leading role in the introduction of a policy neocoloniaslist, and the French troops in Africa were often implied in coups d'etat having for result the introduction of a mode acting in the interest of France but against the interests of its own country.

The denunciations of the neocolonialism also became numerous at some movements of national independence while at the same time they still carried out their armed struggle anticoloniale. During the Seventies, into the Portuguese colonies of Mozambique and Angola, for example, the rhetoric embraced respectively by the Marxist movements FRELIMO and MPLA, which was to assume thereafter the capacity at the time of the independence of these nations, rejected at the same time old colonialism and the neocolonialism.

Africa: Allegations of neocolonialism against the IMF

Those which support that the neocolonialism historically replaced or complémenté the Colonialisme, highlight the fact that Africa today pay each year (in payment of the interests on loans) at the the IMF/BM five times more than it does not receive any in the form of development assistance in the form of loans, depriving often, so the inhabitants of these countries of the basic needs. This dependence, maintain, allows the the IMF/BM to impose plans of structural adjustments on these nations. Adjustments consisting mainly of programs of Privatization which result in a deterioration from health, education, in an incapacity to develop the infrastructure, and, in general, of a lower standard of living, as Abderrahmane Sissako in its film " denounces it; Bamako" (2006).

They also mention recent reports/ratios submitted by the economic material special adviser of the General secretary of the United Nations, Dr. Jeffrey Sachs, who asked highly that the very whole African debt (~$200 billion) be unobtrusive and recommended that the African nations simply cease paying if the the IMF/BM do not give their agreement:

“Time had just put an end to this burlesque situation. The debts are exhorbitantes. If they refuse to erase the debts I would suggest the obstruction; you done it yourselves. Africa should say: 'thank you very much but we need this money to meet the needs for the children who die in this moment, then we will use the service of the payment of the debt to urgent social investments in health, education, drinking water, the control of the AIDS and other needs. ”

(Professor Jeffrey Sachs, Director of the Earth Institute with Columbia University and special Economic council near the General secretary of UNO directed by Kofi Annan).

The critics of the IMF undertook studies on the effects of its policy which requires devaluations of the currencies. They pose the argument which the IMF requires these devaluations like condition with loans of refinancing, while insisting simultaneously so that the loan is refunded in dollars or other currencies of rich countries per report/ratio to which the currency of the underdeveloped country was devaluated; this, say, increases the corresponding debt of the same percentage of which the currency was devaluated, this are equivalent to a plan to maintain the nations of the Tiers-monde in a perpetual debt, impoverishment and dependence néocoloniale.

Other approaches of the concept of neocolonialism

Although the concept of neocolonialism was developed by Marxiste S and that it is generally used by the left, the rhetoric of the neocolonialism is now also used by some instigators of theories of the plot, specifically aiming the introduction of a world Gouvernement, independently of the political tendencies. An alternative of the concept neocoloniaslist suggests the existence of the " cultural Colonialism " , of the desire pled of the rich nations to control the values and of perceptions of the other nations by cultural means, such as the media, the language, education and the religion, supposedly ultimement for economic reasons.

See too

References

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