The Popular republic of China recognizes on its territory 56 “nationalities”. Mentioned on the indentity card, this " nationalité" allows to apply a Positive discrimination, in order to preserve the culture and the language of the people not Hans.

Concept of Nation-Ethnos group in China

This concept is typically Chinese (RPC + Taiwan). The " term; Nationality " is here to take within the meaning of Nation, and not of Citoyenneté (significances confused in France). A nation corresponds overall to a Ethnie, a Peuple linked by a Culture, a Langue, a Religion or clean traditions, although this concept of ethnos group is vague, according to the criteria considered (language, religion, geography or habits).

The " nationalité" Han constitutes the majority (more than 92% of the population) and the 55 others are called minorities.

Each Chinese having a certain filiation (a large father) with the one of these 55 " nationalité" can ask to belong to this minority. This " nationalité" makes it possible some nations to have two children, a no-claims bonus of points to national competition (handicap of the language, with the VAT equivalent). The autonomous areas or cities (i.e. of a minority) have quotas of civils servant and city council men (PCC) of their ethnos group in the town hall.

Among the 55 " nationalités" minority, except for Today and of the Manchus who use Mandarin, 53 have their own language, 21 has their own writing and uses 27 written forms.

List " nationalités" Chinese

• Han (汉族: Hàn Zú)

• Zhuang (壮族: Zhuàng Zú)
• Manchu (满族: Mǎn Zú)
• Today (回族: Huí Zú)
• Miaos (苗族: Miáo Zú) (Hmongs)
• Ouïgours (维吾尔族: Wéiwúěr Zú)
• Yi (彝族: Yí Zú)
• Tujia (土家族: Tǔjiā Zú)
• Mongolian (蒙古族: Měnggǔ Zú)
• Tibetans (藏族: Zàng Zú)
• Buyei (布依族: Bùyī Zú)
• Dong (侗族: Dòng Zú)
• Yao (瑤族: Yáo Zú)
• Korean (朝鲜族: Cháoxiǎn Zú)
• Bai (白族: Bái Zú)
• Hani (哈尼族: Hāní Zú)
• Li (黎族: Lí Zú)
• Kazakh (哈萨克族: Hāsàkè Zú)
• Dai (傣族: Dǎi Zú, also called Dai Read, one of the Ethnos groups thaīes)
• She (畲族: Shē Zú)
• Lisu (傈僳族: Lìsù Zú)
• Gelao (仡佬族: Gēlǎo Zú)
• Lahu (拉祜族: Lāhù Zú)
• Dongxiang (东乡族: Dōngxiāng Zú)
• Goes (佤族: Wǎ Zú) (Goes)
• Sui (水族: Shuǐ Zú)
• Naxi (纳西族: Nàxī Zú) (this includes the Mosuo (摩梭: Mósuō))
• Qiang (羌族: Qiāng Zú)
• You (土族: Tǔ Zú)
• Xibe (锡伯族: Xíbó Zú)
• Mulao (仫佬族: Mùlǎo Zú)
• Kyrgyz (柯尔克孜族: Kēěrkèzī Zú)
• Daur (达斡尔族: Dáwòěr Zú)
• Jingpo (景颇族: Jǐngpō Zú)
• Salar (撒拉族: Sǎlá Zú)
• Blang (布朗族: Bùlǎng Zú)
• Maonan (毛南族: Màonán Zú)
• Tajik (塔吉克族: Tǎjíkè Zú)
• Pumi (普米族: Pǔmǐ Zú)
• Achang (阿昌族: Āchāng Zú)
• Naked (怒族: Nù Zú)
• Ewenki (鄂温克族: Èwēnkè Zú)
• Gin, (Vietnamese or Kinh (京族: Jīng Zú)
• Jino (基诺族: Jīnuò Zú)
• De' ang (德昂族: Déáng Zú)
• Uzbek (乌孜别克族: Wūzībiékè Zú)
• Russian (俄罗斯族: Éluōsī Zú)
• Yugur (裕固族: Yùgù Zú)
• Bonan (保安族: Bǎoān Zú)
• Monba (门巴族: Ménbā Zú)
• Oroqen (鄂伦春族: Èlúnchūn Zú)
• Derung (独龙族: Dúlóng Zú)
• Tatars (塔塔尔族: Tǎtǎěr Zú)
• Hezhen (赫哲族: Hèzhé Zú)
• Lhoba (珞巴族: Luòbā Zú)
• Gaoshan (高山族: Gāoshān Zú)

An multi-ethnic State

The RPC is defined itself as an multi-ethnic State giving an ethnic autonomy by the system of autonomous administrative entities, in agreement with section 6 of chapter 3 (articles 111-112) of the Constitution of the Popular republic of China detailed in the Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy. The policy of the RPC grants advantages to the " nationalités" minority in their areas such as the not-limitation of the number of births, the quota of admission at the schools and employment in the government and the army. The Chauvinisme Han is officially condemned and the 55 minorities officially have a statute equal to that of the " nationalité" majority Han. All 56 " nationalités" constitute the Chinese Nation (Zhonghua Minzu). Some, in China or in-outside, consider that this policy towards the minorities legitimately satisfies their claims in their giving an active role in the RPC, others criticize it for various reasons.

Independence claims

The RPC must face independence movements with the Tibet, the Xinjiang and, to a lesser extent, in Mongolia-Interior. The independence Tibetans and ouighours regard their territories as their countries and feel the Chinese law like the expression of a Colonialisme.

See too

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