The National institute of demographic studies or INED is a French public corporation specialized in research in Démographie and the studies of population in general.

History

An institute founded in 1945

The INED was created by the Ordonnance n° 45-2499 of October 24th, 1945. The initiative is allocated from there to the large pediatrist Robert Debré (1882-1978), who had transmitted in January 1944 to the French Comité of the national Release of Algiers a report/ratio on the institutionalization of demography. The general De Gaulle entrusts the direction of the new institute to the statistician-economist Alfred Sauvy, author into 1938 of the first support measures for the birthrate as an adviser of the president of the Council Paul Reynaud. The INED recovers the buildings of the French Fondation for the study of the human problems of the doctor Alexis Carrel and approximately 7% of the personnel of the foundation, which included/understood only some démographes.
The ordinance of 1945 defines the mission of the institute thus: “ the INED is charged to study the demographic problems under all their aspects. For this purpose, the institute gathers useful documentation, opens investigations, carries out experiments and follows the experiments carried out abroad, studies the average materials and moral likely to contribute to the quantitative increase and the qualitative improvement in the population and it ensures the diffusion of demographic knowledge. ”

Missions redefined in 1986

The decree n° 86-382 of March 12th, 1986 repeals the ordinance of 1945 and converts the INED into public corporation in scientific and technological matter (EPST), a statute comparable with that of CNRS, INRA, INSERM or IRD (ex-ORTSOM). The institute, which depended up to that point on the social ministries, from now on is placed under the principal supervision of the ministry for the research (which remunerates the personnel civil servant). A complementary supervision is ensured by the ministries in load of the questions of population and statistics of health (social Affairs, health or work, according to the governments).
With the decree of 1986, the objective natalist of 1945 disappears, the INED having for mission of in general developing and of diffusing demographic knowledge with the profit of economic progress and social. Under the decree of 1986, the missions of the institute are thus defined:
- “it undertakes, develops and encourages, with its initiative or the request of the public authorities, all research tasks having for object the study of the populations under all their aspects;
- it evaluates, carries out or makes carry out all research useful for science demographic and its contribution to economic progress, social and cultural of the country;
- it collects, centralizes and develops the whole of the research tasks as well French as foreigners concerned with his field of activity; it holds in particular the government and the informed public authorities of acquired knowledge;
- it assists in its formation to research and by research in the fields of its competence;
- it ensures the information of the public on the demographic questions;
- it ensures at the international level the diffusion of demographic work by supporting the use of the French language. ”

The generation of the founders

The INED knows difficult beginnings. With the unexpected starting of the Baby-boom (200 000 births moreover in France in 1946), an institute intended to encourage the birthrate seems superfluous. But, very quickly, the INED is seen entrusting studies on the consequences of the baby-boom as regards housing, schooling, employment, infant mortality and nursery school. The first demographers of the INED, generally polytechnicians, take as a starting point the work of Alfred James Lotka (1880-1949) and of Pierre Depoid (1909-1968) to work out methods of analysis demographic original which affirm the scientific independence of the institute and found its international reputation. Some names are detached:
  • Jean Middle-class man-Pichat (1912-1990), which explores the concepts of stable, quasi stable and semi-stable population, and models the networks of relations between demographic variables (it remains with the division of the population of the United Nations of 1953 to 1962, before succeeding Sauvy as director of the INED);
  • Louis Henry (1911-1991), founder of the historical demography , which proposes, since 1953, to sample the parochial registers of the Old mode to reconstitute the families and to recall the demographic dynamics of France of 1740 to 1830 (survey carried out in collaboration with the archivist Michel Fleury).
  • Sully Ledermann (1915-1967), which applies methods of analysis multivariate to estimate the table-types of mortality from one or two parameters;
  • Paul Vincent (1912-1979), potential introducer of the concept of of increase ( momentum in English), which measures the reserves of growth of a population registered in her structure by âges.

The work of these pioneers finds a formulation canonical in the handbooks and the dictionary of demography of Roland Pressat, recruited with the INED in 1953, whose generations of students will be nourished. Pressat will diffuse the principles of the demographic analysis in many countries, in particular in Quebec, in Eastern Europe and Africa. One owes him the current presentation of the diagram of Lexis , the basic tool to follow the evolution of the troops to the wire of the ages and the years.
In the field of the surveys, the sociologist Jean Stoetzel (1910-1987), which had founded IFOP since 1938 after a training course on the other side of the Atlantic at Gallup, lance with the INED of many investigations with the support of Alain Girard (1914-1996) on the work of the women, the ideal number children, the choice of the spouse, immigration, etc This work of investigation will be relayed in the Seventies per Louis Roussel and in the Eighties per Henri Leridon.
The social history of the populations is represented by Louis Chevalier (1911-2001), historian of Paris, which will be elected with the college of France in 1952, and the history of the diseases by Dr. Jean-Christmas Biraben.
The genetics of the populations is developed successively by Jean Sutter (1910-1970) and Albert Jacquard (1925 -).

New generations of researchers

One second generation of inédiens takes over as from 1965, made up polytechnicians (Daniel Courgeau, Henri Leridon, Herve the Arm) or demographers of various origin (Jacques Vallin, Georges Tapinos, Patrick Festy, Chantal Blayo, Jean-Claude Chesnais).
The end of the year ninety sees the advent with the head of the institute and the research units of a third generation of researchers, where coexist the polytechnicians, the former students of ENSAE, the graduates of the Institute of demography of Paris, some normaliens and several doctors. The women reach in greater number the positions of responsibility. Since 1990, the entry with the INED is necessarily done on contest after the thesis. New generations of researchers, born in the Sixties and seventies, contribute from now on to diversify and renew work of the institute.

Successive directions

Chairman of the board:
  • Since 1999: Bernard Pêcheur, adviser of Etat.
President of the Scientific advice: President of the Commission of evaluation: General secretary:
  • 2002-2006: Yves Blin
  • Since 2007: Bertrand Minault.

Organization

Eleven research units, 200 people, about thirty project-headlights

The INED employs in 2007 approximately 200 people, including 60 titular researchers, 110 technicians or engineers, a score of doctorands, as well as researchers associés.
Following the example other public corporations of research, the researchers of the INED are treated on a hierarchical basis in two bodies, in charge ones of research and the research directors, in their turn subdivided in ranks (2nd class and 1st class).
Since January 2000, the INED includes/understands 11 research units and several services (investigations, library and documentation, editions, data processing). A service of the statistical methods was created in January 2007.
While maintaining an organization flexible in specialized units (the researchers can affiliate themselves with two units at the same time), the INED developed an organization by projects, which privileges about thirty project-headlights evaluated by the Scientific advice and whose detail is consultable on the site of the institute. The project-headlights include/understand in particular the great investigations near the households, as well as the projects européens.

One of the principal European institutes of demography

There exists in Europe three other research institutes in demography with the statute comparable with that of the INED: the NIDI (Netherlands Interdiciplinary Demography Institute) in $the Hague (Netherlands), the MPIDR (Max-Planck Institute for Demographic Research) with Rostock (Germany) and the VID (Vienna institute off demography) in Vienna (Austria), respectively founded in 1970,1996 and 2002, mainly on the model of the INED. In the other countries of Europe, the demographers exert in the university centres or the national offices of statistics. The INED maintains the close relationships with these various institutes, that it is by the means of the research projects of the European commission or by that of the international consortia related to ONU.
Since 2000, the INED lodges the world seat of UIESP (International union for the scientific study of the population).
In March 1998, after fifteen last years in XIVe district of Paris, the INED settled in XXe, with 133, boulevard Davout.

Which difference between the INED and INSEE?

The public research does not merge with the public statistics but, to achieve its mission, the INED must narrowly collaborate with it and, in particular, INSEE (National institute of the statistics and the economic studies).
It is characterized some however by several features. Whereas INSEE is a direction of the ministry for the Economy and finances, present in all the areas of France and employing more than 5000 people, the INED is an institute of 200 people which depends on the ministry for research, with a single localization in Paris (knowing that several of its researchers remain lengthily abroad). It is INSEE which calculates the demographic indices of France (birthrate, mortality, fruitfulness, life expectancy) while being based on the civil statue and the census of the population; it is also INSEE which estimates migratory balance starting from administrative data. The INED works over again these data, rectifies them on the occasion and in-depth analysis. It supplements them by other data (like the first residence permits of at least a year delivered by the prefectures) and it produces itself of the new data by organizing investigations. Another difference: INSEE studies primarily France, whereas the INED is interested in the demographic data of the whole world.

Research activities

A multi-field institute…

Demography plays a central role with the INED, but it is extended to the whole of the " studies of population". From where very diverse specialities of the researchers: sociology, economy, geography, history, political science, public health, statistique.
Treated through about thirty project-headlights, the main themes studied with the INED since the beginning of years 2000 are:
  • the demographic economic situation of France and the industrialized countries
  • fruitfulness, behaviors sexual, new forms of family or conjugality, the adoption
  • contraception, the abortion and procreation médicalement assisted
  • evolution of the causes of death, longevity, inequalities of health
  • demographic problems of the countries of the South (demographic transition, ageing)
  • residential mobility, forms of sociability, the access to housing, the precarious habitat, the residential segregation
  • relations of kind (inequalities men/women) in the countries of North and countries of the South
  • economic demography (micro-economics of the family, conciliation family life - professional life, retirements)
  • international migrations and minorities, mechanisms of integration and discrimination
  • the construction of the categories administrative in management of the populations, the national identities and local
  • the methodology of the international comparisons in demography
  • history of the European populations
  • history of the demographic knowledge and the erudite mediums (XVIIe-XXe centuries).

… which is interested in the whole world

Into terms of budget or many researchers, the activity of the INED is divided for half between demography of France and demography of the foreign countries. The most studied surfaces are, by decreasing order, Western Europe, the Central Europe, the Arab world, West Africa, Asia and America latine.
In order to follow the evolution of the demographic and medical transition to West Africa, the INED maintains three systems follow-up in three groups of villages, consisting in periodically reconstituting the series of the demographic events and the causes of death:
  • surface of Bandafassi (area of Kédougou, Senegal), since 1970
  • surface of Mlomp (Casamance, Senegal), since 1985
  • country bwa (Mali), since 1989.

A central activity: investigations

Half of the budget of research of the INED except wages is devoted to the realization of great investigations near the households or the individuals (often in collaboration with INSEE). The INED has for this purpose of a Service the investigations and surveys. Since the years 1980, one can quote the following investigations:
  • Formation of the couples, 1983-1984
  • Marital statuses, 1985
  • 3Bis: biography family, professional and migratory, 1988-1989
  • Close and parents, 1990
  • geographical Mobility and social integration of immigrants (MGIS), 1992 (with INSEE)
  • Analysis of the sexual behavior in France, 1992 (investigation INSERM with the assistance of the INED)
  • educational Efforts of the families, 1992 (investigation INSEE with the assistance of the INED)
  • Passage at the adulthood, 1993-1994
  • People without residence, 1994-1995
  • Marital statuses and employment, 1994
  • To become natural children, 1996-1997
  • the anesthetists-réanimateurs, 1998
  • Study of the family history, or inquires Famille, associated with the census with 1999 (inquire INSEE with the assistance of the INED)
  • Biographie and entourage, 1999-2000 (Ile-de-France)
  • National observatory of the mucoviscidose in France, 2000-2007
  • Handicap, incapacities and dependence in prison medium (HID-prison), 2001
  • Intentions of fruitfulness (3 passages), 1998,2001,2003
  • Enquête Adoption in 10 departments, 2003-2004
  • Familles and employers, 2004-2005
  • " Generations and Gender" , international survey whose INED produces the French shutter: Inquire over the family and intergénérationnelles relations (ERFI), 2005,2008,2011
  • Contexte of sexuality in France, 2006
  • Trajectoires and origins of the migrants and their descendants, 2008 (in preparation)

The INED editor

The INED publishes several series of publications:
  • Population & companies , monthly bulletin (11 numbers per annum) intended for the general public, déchargeable on the site of the INED in French version and english language version the day of its publication. Editor association: Gilles Pison.
  • Population , quarterly scientific magazine (4 numbers per annum) published simultaneously in French and English. Editor associations: Michel Bozon, Eva Lelièvre, Francisco Munoz-Pérez.
  • Books of the INED , collection of works. Editor association: Jean-Marc Rohrbasser.
  • the Traditional ones of the economy and the population , edition criticizes old works. Editor association: Eric Brian.
  • the INED also publishes handbooks, in particular a great treaty of demography in eight volumes, Démographie: analyzes and synthesis , written by a hundred from French authors and abroad under the direction of Graziella Caselli, Jacques Vallin and Guillaume Wunsch (2001-2006), whose english language version is appeared in 2006 in New York, at Academic Press.

Bibliography on the INED

  • Alain Girard, the National institute of demographic studies: history and development , Paris, INED, 1986,255 p. of the interior, by a former head of department.
  • Paul-Andre Rosental, demographic Intelligence: sciences and policies of the populations in France (1930-1960) , Paris, Odile Jacob, 2003,367 p. of historian starting from files and talks, very precise on the genesis of the INED.

External bond with the site of the INED

  • Official site

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