National college of business in France

In France, the national colleges of business (ESC), generally created and managed by the chambers of commerce and of industry (CCI), are establishments of higher education, generally preparing with obtaining diplomas known as vat + 5 .

56 national colleges of business and of management can deliver a diploma aimed by the minister in charge for higher education.

Following the " Reform LMD " , certain diplomas of end of studies of these schools make it possible to the holder to be seen conferring the rank master by the State.

History of the national colleges of business in France

The first business school was created in Paris in 1820 by Russet-red Vital. The National college of business of Paris is devoted to the commercial studies and is intended to train traders, bankers, administrators, directors, employees of industrial plants and commercial. The duration of the studies is three years and the minimal age of fifteen years admission. At the end of the third year (known as " comptoir"), the pupils receive a diploma of capacity delivered by the board of management of the school and signed by the minister president of the council of improvement.

In 1868, the National college of business of Paris is repurchased by the Chamber of commerce of Paris.

From 1870 is created by the chambers of commerce a first wave of universities to the Havre and Rouen (1871), with Lyon and Marseilles (1872), with Bordeaux (1874), and the School of the high commercial studies in Paris (1881).

These seven schools are recognized by the State by decree of May 31st, 1890. An entrance examination is then instituted.

A second wave follows with the creation of the national colleges of business of Lille (1892), Montpellier (1897), Dijon, Nantes, Algiers (1900), the Commercial Institut of Nancy (1905) EDHEC (1906), the national college of business of Toulouse and ESSEC (1912), that of Clermont (1919), of Strasbourg (1920) and of Rheims (1926).

After the second world war, the decree of December 3rd, 1947 created a common institutional framework for all national colleges of business (ESC) recognized by the State: " the national colleges of business recognized by the State are higher establishments of technical education the purpose of which are to train the chiefs of the various business enterprises or financial and the senior executive of these companies or the administrative services and commercial of companies industrielles".

The EHEC, the EDHEC and the ESSEC remain well off this common framework.

The ESC deliver a common diploma: the diploma of higher commercial teaching . National examinations are organized for obtaining this diploma. For recruitment, preparatory sections are created in the schools and some colleges (9 in 1967). In 1961, the heading of the diploma of the ESC is modified and becomes the Diplôme of commercial, administrative and financial higher learning (DESCAF). Five new schools are born in the Sixties: Poitiers (1961), Brest and Amiens (1962), Nice (1963) and Pau (1969). In 1964, the heading of the schools becomes " national college of business and of administration of the entreprises" whereas institutes of administration of the companies are created as from 1954 in the universities. The ESCAE pass then from the supervision of the direction of technical education to that of higher education. The ESC Paris leaves the network of the ESC. From the Seventies, the common framework of the ESCAE is exhausted little by little, 2 schools are created in the Eighties, Tours (1981) and Grenoble| (1984) finally decree 91-785 of 1991 changes the name of the schools in " University of commerce" and to each school the possibility gives of having its own school payment and to deliver its own diploma, it is the end of the statute of the ESC.

Integration

In France, there exist various types of national colleges of business. One distinguishes the schools post-vat which recruit directly after obtaining the baccalaureat, the schooling suggested can be 3 years, 4 years even 5 years, and those post-1st cycle whose admission is generally done after the vat and two years of preparatory class and more rarely one HAD, a BTS, a DEUG or a license and of which the duration of the schooling is 3 years.

The schools post-1st cycle integrate for most prestigious of the pupils mainly resulting from the commercial preparatory classes (ways scientist, economic and technological) but also from the titular students of a diploma Bac+2 or Bac+3 such as a DEUG, a Advanced vocational diploma, a University degree of technology or a license. These admissions are called parallel admissions (AP) or admissions on titles (AST) and give place to a contest different from that which concerns the students resulting from preparatory classes. The admission is almost always done on contest, and the maintenance of personality is systematic.

Recognition of the diplomas

Contrary to the schools of engineers, there does not exist title protected with regard to the national colleges of business. One constade of this fact a great diversity of level within the universities of trade. Until 1990, the schools having the label national college of business pertaining to the common framework delivered all the same diploma. Since then there does not exist any more diploma of trade recognized de facto by the State. The certification of the formation delivered by lécole of the share the State distinguishes different " echelons". There is first of all the authorization of opening, the permission to deliver a diploma, the recognition by the State of the school, the recording of the diploma within the National directory of professional certifications on a certain level (I, II, III…), the visa of the State on the diploma and finally collation of the rank of master, which constitutes the highest level.

The business schools can call moreover upon organizations deprived to obtain a certification of their diploma, or even to gather within associations, for example the Conference of the universities). The most selective schools seek to make accredit their diploma by international agencies: EQUIS, AACSB, AMBA (for the MBA only)… It should nevertheless be noted that there is a great difference between the fact for a school of being member of one of these organization, like the AASCB, which require only the repect few criteria not very constraining (in particular to pay its contribution), and that to have its dipôme accredited by this organization, which is not possible that after a quality control generally rather rigorous of the school and formation. Several school of modest level tries to maintain ambiguity between these two concepts, however extremely distant.

Schools and university

Certain schools have the characteristic to deliver equivalences like licenses thanks to their bringing together with the university. They then exploit a double crenel university of trade and university recognition.

A contrario , the methods of selection and the university contents of some 3rd cycle as well as the statute of certain universities can bring them closer to an university: that being, operation in School (selection of the members of the chapter " Management" conference of the universities, on the basis of selection and given criterion) on contest after preparatory classes, continues to distinguish the universities from the universities.

List National college of business Frenchwomen of level master

The 35 following schools deliver a diploma recognized by the minister in charge for the higher education of the level for the collation of the rank of master (stopped 6/18/2004, 7/13/2004, 2/24/2005, 8/30/2006, 4/19/2007, 4/20/2007) (except exception, the diploma concerned is the diploma of end of studies of the cycle known as " large école" , the denominations are those which appear with the Official journal).

These schools, excluded the ESC Chambéry, the INSEEC and NEGOSUP, are members of the Conférence of the universities (CGE). The complete listing is available on the site:

Notes and references of the article

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