National Revolution - SpeedyLook encyclopedia

Principles

Its principles are an adaptation of the ideas of the nationalist right of the time (Monarchisme, Bonapartisme, integral Nationalisme maurrassien) to a mode of government " of crise":

Confusion of the legislative powers and executive. The written Constitutional Acts on July 11th, 1940 by Philippe Pétain allot " to him; more capacities than in Louis XIV" (according to a word of Pétain brought back by its principal private secretary civil, H. Of the Mill of Labarthète) including that to write a constitution.

Rejection of the Parliamentarism and the Multi-party system.

Corporatism with the establishment of the Charter of work (suppression of the trade unions replaced by corporations by branches of activity, suppression of the right to strike).

Stigmatization of the persons in charge supposed of the defeat: the Third Republic, in particular the policy of the Popular front, Communists, Jewish S, all regarded as traitors with the Fatherland.

Anti-semitism of State. In the name of the limitation of the “influence” of the Jews, those are excluded from the Nation and cannot work any more in the administration; a Numerus clausus limit drastiquement their number at the University, among the doctors, lawyers, scenario writers, trades of arts and the spectacles, or in the bank, the small shop… Well quickly the list of the prohibited trades will lengthen inordinately. One estimates that in less than one year, plus half of the population Jew of France will be private of any means of subsistence

Cohesion of the company, each social class being supposed being interdependent of the others in order to maintain the social order (" organicisme").

Apology for the traditional values: the republican currency “Freedom, Equality, Fraternité” is replaced by “Travail, Famille, Patrie”.

Rejection of the cultural modernism and the intellectual and urban elites (policy of the " return to the terre" , which will not convince besides more than 1.500 people to return to the fields

Worship of the personality. The portrait of the Pétain Marshal, omnipresent, appears on the currencies, the stamps, the walls of the public edifices, or in bust in the town halls. A song with its glory, the famous Marshal here us are , becomes the semi-official national anthem. The unconditional tender with the Chief and the hierarchy is exaltée.

Currents

The national Revolution particularly attracted three groups of people:

the reactionaries , with the clean direction of the term, i.e. all those which dreamed of a return to " avant" : before 1936; before 1870 and IIIe Republic; before 1789 and the French revolution (see Counter-revolution). There one finds in particular the partisans of the French Action.

the partisans of one Fascism to the Frenchwoman , who could be rejected by certain aspects traditionalists (clericalism, naive scouting, etc) but thought nevertheless that it was in first step towards a true fascistic mode.

They are the partisans of the popular national Rassemblement (RNP) of Marcel Déat, of PF of Jacques Doriot, etc

reforming impatient of IIIe republic and partisans of political solutions and social new, many at the end of IIIe Republic.

One finds among them Non-conformistes years 1930, personalists Christian-Democrats, néo-Socialists, planners, young radical Turkish , technocrats, etc All these mediums however also provided to Resistance many recruits, and this as of June 1940. Much is not anti-democrats in the heart but wants just to benefit from the clean slate of June 1940. All have jointly to think that the fall of IIIe République and the disappearance of blockings " libéraux" or " bourgeois" leave the place to new experiments. Their solutions are various and sometimes contradictory: life in small communities, co-operatives or corporations, return to the ground, planned economy, capacity with the engineers, etc Examples: School of the executives of Uriage, Rene Belin, etc

Evolution

Largely promoted by the Vichy government of 1940 to 1942 (traditionalists and technocrats), the national Revolution any more is not proposed starting from the return to the capacity of Pierre Laval (of republican formation) in May 1942.

The family policy, educational and sporting of the mode of Vichy

The Pétain marshal creates, with the governments of his mode, the “ moral order ” and modifies the currency of the Republic of " Freedom, Equality, Fraternité" in " Work, Family, Patrie". They make a return to the ideas and the governorships of most preserving and more rigid for changes in the French company in opposition to those of IIIème République. This moral order is built on several pillars such work, the fatherland, the family, education, physical back in shape and controls youth, the religion, rurality.

The family policy

The family is one of the pillars of the moral order instituted by the Vichy mode for which it represents the French life and for which the rights of the family are higher than the rights of the individuals, the Pétain marshal declared at the end of 1940: " The right of the families overrides the rights of the State and the individu". A general police station with the family was thus founded to continue and vigorously reinforce the orientations of the code of the family adopted in July 1939 by IIIème République.
The Vichy mode will thus legislate as well to make the divorce impossible during the first three years of marriage as for strictly framing interpretations of the law in all the cases of divorce, the abortion was severely réprimé.
The war of 1914-18 for consequence for France 1,3 million died and had disappeared, the hundreds of thousands of invalids/had mutilated (broken mouths) and a very strong regression of the birthrate during the 30 years which suivirent.
For thus supporting and very strongly increasing the births, the mode of Vichy strongly supported the fathers many or becoming it at the expense of the unmarried men or without child (example: a couple which did not have a child in his the first two years of marriage saw withdrawing the tax incentive of the marriage); It also highly discouraged the work of the women so that they make children, although they had acquired a new place in the company while being made essential during all the war of 1914-18 in the fields, factories, offices or schools (to compensate for the loss of very many teachers) and acquired a relative autonomy after, and the mother, with the hearth preferably, was exaltée at the time of the Mother's Day celebrated in large pump each year, with ceremonies and decoration of the many mothers. In not-occupied zone, the rate of birth thus increased as well in the rich families as poor (the important extension of social protection appears by the expansion of the number of people covered by the Social Security and the family benefits. This widening, which owes little to the Germans, is explained by the needs born for the occupation and, the majority of the texts promulgated under the mode of Vichy will be extended with the Release cad: the increase in the social role of the State).

The educational policy

The sporting policy

the sporting policy of Vichy finds its origin in the design of the sport of Georges Hébert (1875-1957, naval officer) which denounces the drifts of the sport, i.e. the competition, too specialized with its taste and thus useless morally and physically what can only lead that to the spectacle and professionalism and, at Pierre de Coubertin cantor of pure and hard amateurism.
In addition the moral resurrection promised in France is inseparable from a physical back in shape according to the formula “Being strong for better being useful” or “to be strong to be useful” and thus with the method “Hébert” the French schoolboys learn how to run, jump and climb. Behind these two formulas the goal was also to rigorously control youth, the sports associations and their respective federations.
August 7th, 1940: creation of the General police station to General and Sporting Education.
3 men at least will contribute to set up this policy interventionist of which one of the pillars is the banishment of the imported professional sport of the United Kingdom:

Jean Ybarnegaray (president-founder of the French federation and the international federation of Ball Basque, deputy and member of the French Socialist party - PSF): minister of state in May 1940 then Secretary of State from June in September 1940 (stations: War veterans and Family, Youth and Family),
Jean Borotra (former international tennis player of world famous, member of PSF): 1st General police chief with the sport of August 1940 in April 1942,
the colonel Joseph Pascot (former player of Rugby and champion of France with Perpignan): director of the sports under J. Borotra then second General Police chief with the sport (April 1942 - July 1944).

according to Jean Durry (directing of the National museum of the Sport - attached to the Ministry for Youth and the Sports) it was completely in narrow logic and interventionist of Pascot and in the painful context of Vichy “to put at the step” the world of the sport, “to encourage” with regroupings of sports presenting a “similar base”.

the policy of the rigorous control as well of the youth as of the sport, the policy of regroupings of sports, the banishment of professionalism in the French sport will bring both police chief generals to the sport to,
- as of October 1940, to immediately prohibit professionalism for 2 federations: Tennis and Fight, within three year for 4 other federations: Football, Cycling, Boxing and Basque Ball, to prohibit the female competitions of cycling, football (harmful), to prohibit and/or despoil by seizure of the goods at least 4 plain-sport federations: Rugby with XIII, Table tennis, Play of palm, Badminton and 1 multi-sports: FSGT,
- in April 1942: to prohibit and despoil 2 other multi-sports federations: UFOLEP and USEP,
note: seized goods of the prohibited federations having to be transferred to the National committee from the sports.

Quotations

“the Pétain marshal entrusted the mission to me of making a robust youth with the well soaked heart and to reclassify our country with the row of the great sporting nations. One needs that the crowd of the passive spectators goes down from the steps where she assists each Sunday with frolicking of the high-speed motorboats and comes to take share with the plays of the stage”,… “Near each school, a playing field; in each school, a teacher” (J. Borotra, speech of nomination, in before proposes of the sport, your joy, your health, Charles Tardieu, 1940),
“the professional sports all is removed. A three years deadline is granted to Football, Cycling, Boxing and the Ball Basque… For the others, Tennis, Lutte, Rugby with XIII, it is for immediate purpose, or rather time that the General police station can warn the interested Federations” cf: conclusions of the Study committee of professionalism and the amateurism set up by the General police station at the Sports and published in the newspaper " Auto" of October 4th, 1940,
“the sport present for modern youth such an attraction that really we would be guilty if we do not use for fine main roads and human an activity equipped with such a dynamism. (…) The well directed sport, it is morals in action” (Report/ratio of E. Loisel with J. Borotra, October 15th, 1940)
“I hold (…) so that each future possible professional has a trade, nonfictitious, and in order not to be likely to be a hateful example - as that was too often the case up to now - for hundreds of thousands of young participants for which the sporting high-speed motorboats become naturally models” (Letter of J. Borotra to the president of the FF, 1940),
“I promises on the honor to practice the sport with satisfying, discipline and honesty to become better and to better serve my fatherland” (Oath of the athlete),
“to be strong for better serving” (IO 1941)
“Our principle is to seize the individual everywhere. With the primary education, let us hold we it. Higher it tends to escape. We endeavor to catch up with it with all the turnings. I obtained that this discipline of the EG is imposed to the students (…). We envisage sanctions in the event of desertion” (Colonel J. Pascot, short speech of June 27th, 1942)

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