Mutualism in France
Moral person of private law to nonlucrative goal, registered with the national Register of the mutual insurance companies and subjected to the provisions of the Code of reciprocity. There exist various categories of mutual insurance companies, according to the carried on activities.
As for the " Mutuel" , it acts, either of an adjective (a mutual initiative), or of a common noun indicating a concept of nature philosophical which rests on therelational one, it between assistance and solidarity.
History of the co-operative movement/mutualist
Co-operative association is not an instinctive grouping, but an already structured form of the life in society. One can imagine rightly that the first co-operative demonstrations were spontaneous: the Entraide… One can nevertheless find examples of “co-operative Préhistoire”! The installation of the collective Tenant farming in the Babylonia, the Brotherhood S of assistance and burial of the Roman antiquity would have had from a certain point of view some relationship with the co-operative institutions. One can also evoke the teams of companions of the building, during the construction of the Temple of Solomon to Jerusalem: the workmen indeed set up a system of between assistance intended for those of them victims of accidents or of disease, system which perduré with the companions who traversed the Europe at the time of the Cathédrale S. do not forget the “artels” fishermen, hunters and craftsmen of old the Russia…The roots of the working Co-operation plunge far, approximately 150 years in the Histoire. One can say that it is a response of the Travailleur S to the consequences of the concentration of the capital . The co-operatives are an answer to the “abuses” the Capitalisme, primarily developed during the Industrial revolution.
The Law the Hatter of the 14 with June 17th 1791 which prohibits the “assemblies of workmen and craftsmen”. This law thus proscribes the coalitions as well working as employers', but are especially the first which were aimed “craindrent that they do not cause an increase in Salaire”. In 1791, the French revolution inspired by liberal concerns removes, by the law “the Hatter”, all the bodies intermediate:
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Corporation S: together people following the same occupation (merchants and craftsmen) in order to regulate of them the access and the exercise, the Competition, the hours of Work and the Technical S of production.
- Jurande S: Under the Ancien Mode, trade associations consisted the mutual oath that these members lent themselves.
- Trade-guild: “Association between workmen of the same profession at ends of professional instruction and mutual assistance. ”
The law the hatter was repealed only in 1884.
The working class is delivered to the arbitration of the Employeur S.
It is certain that during the first half century of its existence, the co-operative development will have been dominated by the primacy:
- Of the co-operatives of Consumption
- Of the European co-operatives.
Robert Owen (1771-1858) is regarded as the founding father of the modern co-operative movement. The Welshman who made fortune in the trade of cotton wished to improve the work conditions and of life of his employees by education of the workers and their children, the installation of cribs… He successfully implemented his ideas in his spinning mill " New Lanark" in Scotland. The first co-operative of consumers (co-operative store) there was created. This success gave him the idea to create " villages off Co-opération" where the workers could leave themselves poverty by producing their own food, manufacturer their own clothing and finally control themselves. It tried to create such communities with Orbiston in Scotland and New Harmony, in Indiana in the United States, but without success.
Definition of the mutual insurance companies
L111-1 article, subparagraph 1 of the code of reciprocity: “ the mutual insurance companies are moral persons of private law to nonlucrative goal. They acquire the quality of mutual insurance company and are subjected to the provisions of this code from their registration with the National register of the mutual insurance companies. They carry out in particular by means of contributions poured by their members, and in the interest of the latter and of their having right, an action of precaution, solidarity and mutual aid, under the conditions envisaged by their statutes in order to contribute to cultural development, moral, intellectual and physics of their members and with the improvement of their living conditions ”
Field of health: mutual distinction/complementary health
The " term; mutuelle" is sometimes confused wrongly with " complementary santé". The first term corresponds to the definition above and draws aside in particular the companies with lucrative goal. However a great number of people are said covered by a mutual insurance company whereas it is an insurance which carries out the cover of the " risque". The philosophy mutualist, which one finds in the term, consists of the pooling of the means of each one, with an aim of facing the risks of health. That underlies a financial system of collection which is independent of the individual risk to cover, even if financial balance remains necessary. Assurancielle logic is that of the " report/ratio; disaster/prime" who tries to evaluate with more close the possible hazard which an individual or a category of individuals represents (for health, it is often the criterion of age which is retained, being given the strong correlation between health expenditure and old). This logic can generate a selectivity of the covered risks, which is translated in the tariff policy and of communication of each one.
another fields
Today, it seems that reciprocity is led towards other forms of compensation that the disease, the accident, old age or death. Because of the unstable situations and exclusion in constant progression, including in the countries known as developed, a new source of inspiration for solidarity is done day, less materialist and of advantage centered towards the activities of the spirit. The access to the knowledge and knowledge-making indeed became an essential concern for any individual, the more so as modern technologies of communication allow a fast and wide diffusion individual training information and facilities.
Already, in France, one can observe the creation of mutual insurance companies known as " culturelles" , having for vocation to propose a mutualized system of access to the culture with the profit of the greatest number.
external bond
http://www.mutuelle-savoir.org/-
Co-operative Co-operation
- Association