Mohammed Zaher Shah

Mohammed Zaher Chah (born the October 15th 1914 with Kabul and dead the July 23rd 2007 with Kabul) was a Pachtoune Sunnite of the branch of Durani, which was king of Afghanistan of 1933 with 1973.

Biography

Youths

Mohammed Zaher Chah was born in Kabul on October 15th, 1914, second wire of Mohammed Nadir Chah, future king d' Afghanistan and of his wife Mah Parwar Begum.

It makes its first classes with the French college “Istiqlal” then with the Habiba college of Kabul, continues its studies in France, where his/her father is ambassador plenipotentiary, in Paris with the Lycée Janson-with-Sailly then with the Lycée Michelet and finally in Montpellier. It integrates the School of the officers of infantry into Kabul in 1930.

He is Minister for the war in 1932-1933 and education in 1933.

On the throne

It reigned of the November 8th 1933 with the July 17th 1973 on the Afghanistan. It succeeded his father Mohammad Nadir Shah after the assassination of this one by the young person Abdul Khaliq. It is then 19 years old.

In 1934, it makes adhere Afghanistan to the Société of the nations. In 1936, it signs trade agreements with the USSR and concludes, in 1937, of the pacts with Turkey, Iran and Iraq.

In August 1940 the king convenes a Loya Jirga, assembled traditional bringing together the religious leaders, tribal and military, to proclaim the neutrality of his country during the Second world war. But the ideology of time was the superiority of the Pashtoune S (the Aryen S) on the others Ethnie S. the forced pashtounisation of manners caused an armed uprising of the Hazaras at the end of the years 1950.

In 1946 Afghanistan is allowed with the the United Nations.

In 1947, disputing the layout of the Durand line of 1893, he votes against the admission of Pakistan with UNO. The partition of the Pakistan and the India encouraged Zahir Shah to give on the carpet the idea of Pashtounistan, in the hope to recover the current Pakistani tribal zones, catches with the Afghanistan by the British under the reign of Abdur Rahman Khan. And he declared null and nonwhich occurred all the preceding agreements concerning the Ligne Durand (the border imposed by the British between India and Afghanistan). The tension with Pakistan and the blockade in 1950 of the Afghan imports by this country led Zahir Shah to turn to the Soviet Union.

In 1953, Mohammed Daoud Khan, a cousin of Zaher Shah, became Prime Minister. Whereas the Americans tried to obtain an agreement of defense with the Afghanistan while privileging their relations with the Pakistan, the Soviets developed their economic penetration, building Barrage S, factories and electric stations, without to neglect their military support.

In 1959, he encourages schooling and the emancipation of the women and in particular gives them the right not to carry of veil.

In 1964, it makes work out a new Constitution which transforms the constitutional monarchy of 1931 into parliamentary monarchy. This Constitution, inspired of the Constitution of Ve French Republic, was adopted by Loya Jirga joined together on September 9th, 1964 in Kabul.

July 17th, 1973, it is deposited by his cousin the former Prime Minister, Mohammed Daoud Khan, while it was on a journey in Europe. He abdicates to avoid the blood bath on August 24th, 1973 and Mohammed Daoud Khan proclaims the Republic.

Between the resignation of Mohammed Daoud Khan in 1963 and the coup d'etat of the same Mohammed Daoud Khan in 1973 took place the “constitutional period”. Freedom of speech became a reality and opposition parties were created, in particular islamist parties communist S and parties .

The exile

Zaher Chah took refuge in Italy and lived in exile in Rome, until the fall of the mode of the talibans. Fall to which it strongly contributed by taking a federator action of all the opponents.

The return

After the agreements of Bonn of December 2001, which organized the political transition of the country after the fall of the mode of the Taliban S, it turned over to Afghanistan in 2002. It will chair the Loya Jirga (assembled) of June 2002 which indicated Hamid Karzai like chair of a transition government. Having stated not to wish to find her throne, Mohammed Zaher Chah saw himself decreeing the official title of Père of the nation on June 15th, 2002. It is turned over to live definitively in Kabul on August 4th, 2002.

It continued, in spite of its age, to give many audiences as well to notable Afghan as with all the international personalities of passage to Kabul and it always exerted a discrete influence on the political life.

He dies the July 23rd 2007 in Kabul.

Descent

Of its marriage on November 7th, 1931 with Homeira Begum (1918-2002) it had six wire and two girls.

  1. Bilkis (1932 -)

  2. Mohammed Akbar (1933-1942)
  3. Ahmed Shah (1934 -)
  4. Maryam (1936 -)
  5. Mohammed Nadir (1941 -)
  6. Shah Mahmoud (1946-2002)
  7. Mohammed Daoud Pashtunyar (1949 -)
  8. Mir wais (1957 -)

Random links:Southern and antarctic lands French | Stephen Schneider | CIERRE RELÁMPAGO (formato de archivo) | Phlomis | Chalais (Charente) | With drawn knives (film, 1997) | Tourville-the-yews | Discographie_de_Bob_Dylan