Modificación de la película

A portemine (also called push-mine or in Canada pencil with mines ) is a pencil which uses refillable mines and thus need does not have to be cut. The mine is retained by a mechanical device which makes it possible to push the mine with measurement of its wear. It was patented in the United Kingdom in 1822 by Sampson Mordan and Gabriel Riddle. The majority of the models have a Gomme to erase refillable at the other end.

One of the advantages of the portemine is the constancy thickness of the feature.

Old orthography

  • Propelling pencil

The Rapport of 1990 on orthographical corrections recommends ( Liste has ) the C-W communication portemine , already only indicated remainder in the Petit Larousse 2005 .

History

The portemine was invented in Great Britain in 1822 by Sampson Mordan and Gabriel Riddle, from where the estampillage “SMGR” which is reproduced on the first portemines Mordan. Sampson Mordan continued to produce pencils and other objects silver until the Second world war when its factory was bombarded.

Between 1820 and 1873, more than 160 patents were deposited. They related to all of the improvements possible to bring to the portemine.

The first portemine with Ressort was patented in 1877 and one mechanism of refill developed in 1895. The mine of 0,9 mm was introduced in 1938, followed versions 0,7 mm, 0,5 mm and 0,3 Misters There exists also a version 1,4 Misters.

For the Japan, it is necessary to wait until 1915 to see the portemine being a relative success, after improvements made by Tokuji Hayakawa, a metal-worker who had just finished his training. It introduces the pencil with always cut mine . Success is not immediate, the public does not have the practice of a “metal” pencil, metal being however the only material guaranteeing one long life of life to the portemine.

The sales really started when a company of Yokohama placed an important order. Later, the company of Tokuji Hayakawa took its final name drawn from the portemine, the Sharp Corporation (“Sharp” wants to say “pointed”, in the “cut” direction).

In same time, in America, Charles R. Keeran develops a similar pencil which is the precursor of the majority of the current portemines. The mechanism developed by Keeran was based on pawls/ratchets whereas that of Hayakawa was it on screws. These two principles are often combined in only one.

Types

There exists several type of portemine:

  • portemines with pawl/ratchet: The mine is retained in a ring by a system of pawls preventing the latter from “going up” when one writes. When the user actuates the mechanism while pressing on the button located at the end or the side of the portemine, the ring advances with the mine inside the pencil. When the user slackens the pressure on the button, the system of pawl disunites the mine of the ring, thus making it possible the latter to find its initial position without “involving” the mine with it.
    • an alternative of the preceding system consists in replacing the action of the user on the button by weights located inside the pencil. A back and forth pass makes slide the mine.
    • Another alternative, the pawls are there only to prevent the mine from retrogressing, the advance of the mine is due to gravity, only frictions prevent it from leaving entirely the pencil.
  • portemines with screw for which, by actuating a screw, one reduces a piston inside the body from the pencil, thus pushing the mine downwards, making it leave.
  • portemines with screw for which the mine advances by simple friction with the screw.
  • portemines with revolving stopper in which the mine advances while turning the stopper located at the end of the pencil. The majority of them have a mechanism of one-way blocking making it possible the mine to be pushed back inside the pencil.

The majority of the portemines are reusable, it is enough to replace the mine. Some portemines good markets, particularly those with screw, are of single use.

Portemine with “clutch”

The portemines with “clutch” are used for mines from 2 to 4 Misters By actuating the push rod located at the end of the pencil, one serves the “claws” located at the other end, making it possible the mine to freely slide and to leave.

Manufacturers

  • Bic
  • Faber-Manor house
  • Raymond Geddes
  • Koh-I-Noor
  • Lamy
  • Papermate
  • Pentel
  • Rotring
  • Staedtler
  • TOZ-Penkala
  • Streaked
  • Pilot PEN Corporation

References

Random links:3 de enero | Tourch | List highways of Germany | Domenico Contarini | Albert Rivière | Michael Rich | Modification_de_film