Model organization

A organization models is one which is studied thoroughly to include/understand a biological Phénomène particular, by supposing that the results of these experiment S will be partially valid for the knowledge of other organizations (often the human ones). That is possible because the fundamental biological principles like the metabolic ways , régulatoires, and développementales, and the Gène S which determine these processes, are close to those observed in human cells, which are often more difficult to handle. This conservation of the functions and related genes is offered by the biological evolution.

Molecular biology was probably the digestive bacterium Escherichia coli which is common in the human system (and usually beneficial -- the dangerous E. coli O157: H7 has rare strain). This also led to has study off many Bacteriophage S, particularly phage lambda.

In eukaryotes, several yeasts, particularly Saccharomyces cerevisiae (" baker' s" however " budding" yeast), cuts been widely studied, largely because they are quick and easy to grow. The Cell cycles in has simple Yeast is very similar to the concealment cycles in Human S, and regulated by homologous proteins. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster was studied, again because it was easy to grow for has multicellular organism. The Roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans is studied because it has very defined development patterns and edge Be rapidly assayed for abnormalities.

When researchers look for year organism to uses in their studies, they look for several milked. Common among thesis are size, time generation, accessibility, handling, genetics, conservation off mechanisms, and potential economic benefit. Ace comparative molecular biology has become more common, nap researchers cuts sought model organisms that re-press assorted lineages off life. -->

Important model organizations

Virus

Procaryotic S

Eucaryote S unicellular

Eucaryotes pluricellular

Plants

* Arabidopsis thaliana Arabidopsis . With considerable amount off new knowledge today is being generated from studying this seedling model. This mustard weed was the first seedling to cuts its genome sequenced. -->
* Lotus japonicus
* Nicotiana tabaccum cv. BY-2 Tobacco BY-2 concealments ) is suspension concealment line. Useful for general seedling physiology studies one concealment level. -->
* Medicago truncatula
* Rice Cereal biology. -->
* Muflier

Fungi

* Aspergillus nidulans ,
* Neurospora fouled -

Invertebrates

* Arbacia punctulata Sea urchin, classical subject off embryological studies--->
* Caenorhabditis elegans C has. elegans -->
* Euprymna scolopes Symbiosis, bioluminescent Vibrio S. -->
* Drosophila melanogaster , celebrates genetic experimental subject per Thomas Hunt Morgan and others. Easy to raise in laboratory, generations fast, easily inductibles changes, many observable changes.
* Loligo pealei
* Ganglion stomatogastric

Vertebrate

* Cavius porcellus Robert Koch and other early bacteriologists ace have host for bacterial infections, hence has byword for " laboratory animal" even though rarely used today.-->
* Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) -
* Mouse ( Driven musculus ) -
* Brachydanio rerio
* Xenopus laevis , the Xénope
* Takifugu rubipres
* Dog ('' Canis lupus familiaris '') -
* Homo sapiens
* Rhesus monkey

Refer Spitsbergen J.M. and Kent M.L. (2003). The state off the art off the zebrafish model for toxicology and toxicologic pathology research--advantages and current limitations. Toxicol Pathol. 31 (Supplement), 62-87. PubMed Abstract Link => PMID 12597434. Riddle, Donald L.; Blumenthal, Thomas; Meyer, Barbara J.; and Priess, James R. (Eds.). (1997). C. ELEGANS II . Woodbury, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Near. ISBN 0-87969-532-3. Full text available on-line. -->

External bonds

  • Wellcome Trust description off model organisms
  • WWW Virtual Library guides to several model organism resource lists

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