Mobile phone

A mobile phone (or simply mobile ), also named portable cellphone or (what is not very desirable because of confusions with the Laptop), cell phone (in North America), Natel (in Suisse), GSM or familiarly G (in Belgium), makes it possible to communicate by telephone without being connected by cable a power station. The sounds are not transmitted directly. The voice is coded then resynthetized on the level of the reception. From where incongruous noises sometimes in the event of bad reception (noise of springs). The transmission is made by electromagnetic waves with a specific network. One can thus communicate of any place where an antenna of relay collects the emissions of the apparatus used.

Standards

Mobile Advanced Phon System (AMPS): Analogical standard of first generation deployed with the the United States starting from 1976.
CDMA 2000 : Evolution of third generation (3G) of the CDMA (incompatible with the UMTS) mainly intended to be deployed in North America.
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA): Normalizes of second generation derived from the standard ANSI-41, but whose patents belong to the company étatsunienne Qualcomm.
Enhanced Data Rates for Total Evolution (EDGE): Normalizes derived from GSM allowing a higher flow of data for a stationary user.
General Packet Radio operator Service (GPRS): Normalizes derived from GSM allowing a higher flow of data. It is often qualified 2,5G.
Mobile Global System for Communications (GSM): Numerical standard of second generation (2G) developped at the point by ETSI on frequency the band of the 900 MHz. An alternative called DIGITAL Communication System (DCS) uses the range of the 1 800 MHz. This standard is particularly used in Europe, in Africa, with the the Middle East and in Asia.
Radiocom 2000 : Analogical standard of first generation (1G) deployed in France by France Telecom.
mobile Universal telecommunications system (UMTS) or Wideband Codes Division Multiple Access (WCDMA): Evolution of third generation of the CDMA (incompatible with the CDMA-2000), supported by the Europe and the Japan.

Additional standards

I-mode: Protocol allowing to connect mobile phones to Internet. The language used for the sites is a modified version of HTML called C-HTML.
Multi-media Messaging Services (ms): Multi-media mail service for mobile phones.
Personal Ring Back Thunders (PRBT): Service which makes it possible to the subscribers of an operator to replace their ringing of usual waiting by musics
Short Message Service (SMS): Mail service for mobile phones, allowing the sending of messages written of 160 characters maximum. This channel can also be used to transfer from the data (calling card, applicatives data for the Carte SIM, ringings, logos…)
Wireless application protocol (WAP): Protocol allowing to connect mobile phones to Internet. However, the language used for the sites intended for the WAP use a specific language of beaconing, the Wireless Markup Language (WML).

Different the generations

Attention GPRS and OFDM are used for the exchange of information only and not of the voix.

Characteristics

Its function of use is the vocal Communication but the mobile phone makes it possible to send brief messages, indicated SMS. With the evolution of electronics, the text could be decorated of Image S, then of Photographie S, its S and Vidéo S. Of the embarked equipment associated with services at distances also allows:

To read and write email S
To sail on Internet
To play
To photograph and to record vidéos
To listen to music
To look at television
Attending navigation
To listen to the radio
To be used as Modem with a computer

Safety

A going code from four to eight digits protects it from the fraudulent use, it is NIP (more known under name Franglais E code PINE ). The apparatus is identified on the network thanks to a single number, this number IMEI for International Mobile Equipment Identity is to be given to your operator loss in the case of or of flight of your telephone, that will enable him to block the use of this last at the national and international level. Unfortunately, in general, the operators can block only his use on the domestic network, fault of being able to do it with the international scales.

Future trends

automatic Localization (or geolocalisation): as the cover of the antennas of relay is reduced and that those are recut (there is approximately 35 of it; 000 in France), it is easy, by Triangulation, to rather precisely locate the position of the mobile phone. The operator S will make that profitable to offer services of automatic guidance control for pedestrians or local information. In France, this service is available for the mobiles equipped with I-mode of Bouygues Telecom since November 2003.

Increase in the aptitude of the GSM to transmit numerical data. Now that one to the standard GPRS, to go even further, will have to be installed a new radio operator network passed. One would pass then to the standard UMTS (known as of 3rd generation). That would give a flow about 384 kbits/s (being able to go theoretically up to 1,9 Mbits/s) whereas the GPRS allows only one theoretical output of 110 kbits/s (in practice 30/40 kbits/s) and basic mode GSM 9,6 kbits/s.

the mobile phone seems to succeed where failed of former technologies: to become a numerical multi-fonction pocket knife . Like this last, the mobile phone holds in the pocket, is relatively simple to use and recovers a multitude of functions related to the nomadism: of simple telephone in the beginning, it makes it possible from now on to send textual messages (SMS, ms, email), it is used as watch/stop watch/minutor, of remote control (if it is equipped with Bluetooth) and it replaces more and more PDA (it is then a Smartphone) or even the camera (it is then a photophone). Models acting of numerical video cameras or powerful game consoles 3D mobile are also available since 2006.

the mobile phone is also brought to evolve to the systems of payment: electronic Porte-monnaie. For example, with the Japan, the operator of Mobile telephony Japanese NTT DoCoMo and finance company JCB deploy in 2005 a mobile phone equipped with the QuicPay system of payment which communicates by radio, without contact, with the terminal of the tradesman (pilot operation in 2005 with the taxis of Yokohama close to Tōkyō). Currently Sagem, Crédit Mutuel and mobile NRJ integrates the technolgie NFC to also allow the payment without contact.

Distribution and sale of contents under digital form, like the music, in France the main operators have an offer in this field. The MVNO, NRJ Mobile and M6 Mobile make of it even their principal product of call. It is acted in fact of a system of personalized radio, which after inscription and definition of the tastes sends only the pieces which are most likely to like the user. The large advantage of this innovation would be the possibility of discovering new groups/artists. This technology would function on the same principle as the PodCast S, with pieces downloaded previously and than one can listen with his liking.

It seems that the way traced by the majority of the producers, but also what request the public is a convergence of technologies and concepts towards only one multi-media apparatus. Thus, the mobile phones were seen adding, these last years, of the functions diary, multimedia player, numerical camera and other stop watch or dictaphone… In the future undoubtedly as a total compatibility between all the apparatuses us being surrounded, we will know thus facilitating their use and allowing us to focus itself on their beneficial contribution in our daily life rather as on technical concerns of compatibility.

Risks

Electromagnetic risk

If, concerning the use of the telephone itself, in the case of a normal use for an adult individual the risks are today considered as minors, it should be noted that the instruction manuals of the telephones inform possible danger all the same, it is advised to avoid sticking its ear on the part of the telephone where is present the integrated antenna. Where no study could establish this harmlessness clearly, others on the other hand highlighted dangers in the long term to the human body such as cancers or the permeabilisation of the cellular membranes, such as the hemato-encephalic Barrière with amounts of electromagnetic radiation comparable with those of the mobiles. The mobile telephone operators, as for them, ensure to take into account this risk at the time of the installation of the relays, although certain events alerted the public opinion. In order to inform the consumers and to limit the radiations of the mobile phones, the manufacturers must post the radiation emitted by their products in the form of an index DAS (specific Flow of absorption). Since the French decree of October 8th, 2003, this index must be lower than 2 W/kg (average on 10g), whereas to the United States, this index is limited to 1,6 W/kg (average on 1g). The state of knowledge concerning the possible hazards for the children, in particular for the Brain, under development full, is badly evaluated because simulations take place on adult models. The precaution principle pushes to limit the use of the mobiles by the children.

The international Center of research on cancer (CIRC) coordinates the international study “Intercom” which aims at specifying the possible links between use of the mobiles and cancer. But the mobile operators bring one the third of the financings to this research, which makes fear with some of the conflicts of interests, while at the same time the money is versed in a common pot then managed and redistributed by the CIRC.

The French Agency of Public health of the Environment and Work (AFSSET) published in June 2005 a new opinion on the mobiles. The Federal Office of the Swiss Environment has just delivered a new study on the medical impact of the high frequency radiations, those emitted by apparatuses like the mobile phones or the terminals Wi-fi or Bluetooth. " This study is based on the research presented in nearly 150 scientific publications published between 2003 and 2006. Contrary to the first report published in 2003, this new study took into account, in addition to research relating to the man, some results relating to the reaction of cells and animals to the high frequency radiation. "

At present, the frequent technological changes of the mobile phones do not make it possible to have a reliable knowledge of the risk. Indeed, it takes several years to undertake an epidemiologic study having enough power to attack low radiation dosage emitted by the mobiles. Thus, the studies we have today relate to only the first generations of mobiles. But since, the 3G develops and the frequencies evolve/move.

According to a Swedish study led by Kjell Mild, the intensive users of mobile phone would have a risk to be reached of a malignant tumor to the brain on the side where they use their telephone 2,9 times higher, from many studies conclude at the very weak risk to see with the absence of risk.

Behavioral risk

The fact of telephoning mobilizes part of the Attention. The fact that the mobile phone can be used anywhere induced a mental overload which diverts task in progress. Its use, “freehands or not” are source of accidents (Industrial accident, Accident in the home, Road accident). Moreover, the use of the mobile phones is prohibited in the hospitals, the airliners and the service station for safety reasons and by measure of precaution.

The risk is not only related to the fact that a hand is occupied by the apparatus, problem easily regulated by the systems of ear-phone and microphonous deportees (kits “hand-free” or “pedestrian”), but by the lack of attention.

A study of the administration étatsunienne for safety on the highways, NHTSA ( National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ), raised that with the the United States in 2005, at a given moment, approximately 6% of the drivers used a telephone held in hand by leading (either 974 000 vehicles at a given time), and that 0,7% of the drivers telephoned with an off-set ear-phone-microphone, and that 0,2% of the drivers were composing a number.

Fire hazard

In the service stations, a panel of prohibition indicates that the cellphones must be extinct to be useful while carburizing. August 1st

Social phenomenon

The use of the mobile phone knew a brutal increase in the Années 1990, until saturation of the market shortly after 2000. Initially held with a social elite for a professional use, it was spread until becoming the privileged means of communication of a great number of people.

Formidable business success and the fierce competition which results from it make emerge phenomena of mode: appearance of telephones with interchangeable multiple hulls, incorporation of the Numeric photography or the Multi-media reading , etc

Sociological studies in England showed that the mobile phone had supplanted the Cigarette as a symbol of the passage at the adulthood for the young teenagers.

World day without mobile phone

In 2001, the idea of a world Journée without cellphone was launched by the French writer Phil Marso. It is in reference to the famous refrain of Nino Ferrer “Gaston y' has the téléfon which its, y' forever person which answers it” that the date of the February 6th was appointed: it is indeed on this date that Saint Gaston is celebrated in the calendar French.

The organizer of this initiative defends himself to leave in Croisade against the mobile phone - and due: he is also the author, inter alia, of various works which there are devoted, and in particular novels entirely written in Langage SMS. It is thus about a step which he describes as “citizen”, and at the time of which he intends well to create a debate of reflection around the upheavals that this communications tools caused in the company since its advent. In 2005, Phil Marso renames its go per World Journées less blah to the mobile phone more SMS in the public places. The day is spread over three days: 4-5- February 6th, 2005 in order to federate associations and the media. In 2007, the dates are the 6 - 7 - February 8th, 2007.

Accessories for mobile phone

Today the mobiles are not conceived any more without accessories: interchangeable covers, hulls, decorative cords, etc One of the tendencies is that of the accessories without wire, like the auricle S or the hand-free kits of car. The remote loading of “logos” and ringings by the means of numbers or SMS or ms surtaxed also represents a lucrative market.

Recycling, waste and future

A mobile phone contains harmful elements with the environment. In Europe, the mobile phones are the subject of a selective collection, and do not have to be thrown to the dustbin (this is recalled by initials on the battery for example).

The legal framework is defined by the European directive 2002/96/CE relating to the scrap electrical equipment and electronic. This directive is translated into French right by of July 20th, 2005. It imposes to the manufacturers and to salesmen mobiles to organize their collection.

Electronic waste as a whole is those whose volume grows most quickly. They require a die of collection and recycling specialized. Moreover, one mobile phone contains heavy metals, in particular its battery, which are not treated in the traditional dies since very poisons for nature.

Indeed, much of mobile phones except service remain in their ex-user like remembering and often finish in nature, which is very harmful.

At the time of the sale of a mobile phone, a distributer from now on is held to take again free the worn mobile phone given by the customer. There exist also manifold centres, but they currently miss publicity. To find changing of the set of tracks.

Part of the mobile phones is also given in service for the poorest countries (third world) under the aegis of humanitarian organizations or development. The league against cancer collects the mobile phones to recycle them or resell them thanks to a company which transfers 5€ by telephone to him

See too

Glossary of telephone Mobile telephony
Operator .
Mobile telephone network
List of the mobile operators in the world
specific Flow of absorption
Wapédia, Wikipédia on the mobile phone.
the Bibop, first French mobile phone.
Mobile telephony
disposable Cellphone

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