Mishna

The Mishna (in Hebrew משנה, " répétition") is the most important first and of the rabbinical sources obtained by written compilation of the oral laws Jewish, project defended by the Pharisien S, and considered as the first rabbinical work of Littérature.

Mishna is written in Hebrew. The Mishna term refers at the same time to the work counting the opinion and the conclusions of the rabbis of the time - one speaks then of Mishna - and to the conclusions of the rabbis themselves - one speaks then about one or the mishnayot (plural of mishna). 200 THIS by Judah haNasi (" Judah the Prince"). He is usually simply referred to ace Rebbi (" Rabbi "). Nearly all off the Mishnah is written in Mishnaic Hebrew, except for has few pour, which are written in Aramaic. Rabbinic commentaries one the Mishnah over the next three centuries were recorded mostly in Aramaic and were redacted ace the Gemara. The Mishnah and the Gemara together form the Talmud .-->

It comprises six orders, themselves divided into treaties. Each treaty comprises several chapters. It is of use to refer to Mishna by: the name of the treaty, follow-up of the number of the chapter, to him even followed number of the mishna.

The authors are the " Tannaïm " or repeaters, because they " répétaient" traditions learned from their Masters. This work from which the development extended over three centuries, started with the disciples of Rabban Yohanan Ben Zakkaï and was completed at the 2nd century with Rabbi Yehuda haNassi (Juda the Prince), known as simply Rabbi , or Rabbenou Haqadosh (our main saint).

Mishna compiles the various oral traditions, their polemics and their resolutions, if it of A. These texts describe there a religious universe centered around the Temple of Jerusalem destroys one century earlier. The laws concerning the services with the temple constitute one of the six orders of Mishna. From this time go back to other legal texts not included in Mishna, like the Tosseftot (additions of Rabbi Hiyya and Rabbi Ochaya, disciples of Rabbi) or the Braïtot (" extérieurs").

The rabbinical comments on Mishna, written for a great part in Araméen, were compiled under the name of the Gémara by the Amoraïm. The talk of Mishna and its development in Gémara forms the corpus of the Talmud.

Canonical list of the treaties of Mishna

The treaties of the Mishna are gathered into six " ordres" sédarim . Each treaty approaches a main theme and very many other topics as varied as unexpected. Mishna includes/understands 63 treaties :

  • Zéra' im (seeds): This order treats mainly relative laws with the Agriculture and the blessings.

It is composed of 11 treaties:
bérakhot , péa , demaï , kilaïm , chevi' it , treroumot , ma' asrot , ma' asser chéni , hauled , orla and bikourim .

  • Mo' ED (go/festival): This order treats mainly relative laws with the calendar like the Chabbat and the festivals.

It is composed of 12 treaties:
chabbat , érouvin , péssa' him , chekalim , yoma , souka , bétsa , roch hachana , Taanit , méguila , mo' ED katane and haguiga .

  • Nachim (women): This order treats mainly relative laws with the marriage and subjects which are dependant there like the divorce or the marital fidelity but also of the wishes and the naziréen.

It is composed of 7 treaties:
yévamot , ketouvot , nédarim , to nazir , sota , guitine and kidouchine .

  • Nézikin (damage): This order treats mainly relative laws with the civil laws and penal, Idolâtrie, of ethical and morals.

It is composed of 10 treaties:
baba kama , baba metsi' has , baba will batra , sanhédrine , makot , chevou' ot , édouyot , avoda will zara , '' avot '' ('' pirké '' -) and horayot .

  • Kodachim (crowned objects): This order treats mainly relative laws with the ritual slaughter (che' hita), with the sacrifices and the Temple.

It is composed of 11 treaties:
zéva' him , ména' hot , houline , békhorot , arakhine , will témoura , kritout, mé' ila , tamid , midot and kinim .

  • Taharot (purities): This order treats mainly relative laws with the purity and the ritual impurity.

It is composed of 12 treaties:
kélim , ohalot , néga' im , para , taharot , mikvaot , honeycomb , makhchirim , zavim , tvoul yom , yadayim and ouktsine .

Also noteworthy is the Mishnah' S lack off quotation off has scriptural basis for its laws. It is said that the Oral Law was given simultaneously with the Written Law (Torah), and so does not derived directly from it. Connecting the Mishnaic law with the Torah law has major enterprise off the later Midrash and Talmud S.

The Rabbinic wise whose views are recorded in the Mishnah are called Tannaim (תנאים), the plural off Tanned (תנא); Tanned is year Aramaic term for the Hebrew Word shana , which also is the root-Word off Mishnah . The verb shano (שנה) literally means “to repeat one was taught” and is used to mean “to learn”.

The Word mishna edge also indicate has individual paragraph, i.e., the smallest links structure in the Mishnah off. Plural The is mishnayot. Thus, has number off mishnayot make up has perek (chapter), has number off perakim (chapters) make up has masechet (tractate), has number off masechtot (tractates) make up has seder (order) and the Shas (acronym for Shisha Sedarim - the six orders) make up the Mishnah. (The term Shas is also used to refer to has supplements Talmud, which follows the structure off the Mishnah.)

Relation between the Hebrew Bible and the Mishnah

Rabbinical Judaism holds that the Five Books off Moses called the (Written) Torah cuts always been transmitted in parallel with oral year tradition. Two guides to laws were given to Moses At Mount the Sinai. The first, known ace Torah she-Bi-khtav , but the " Written Law" is composed off only the Five Books off Moses -- Genesis through Deuteronomy . Five thesis books are the Hebrew Bible.

When the writings off the Nevi' im meaning: " Prophets" and Ketuvim meaning "Writings" , the wisdom and creative literature, are added to the Torah Five Books off Moses the expanded volume is called the Tanakh. It is this "complete" version off Hebrew literature that Christianity knows ace " The Old Testament." The Tanakh included/understood the Hebrew Bible ace we know it today.

The second law given to Moses At the Sinai, known ace Torah she-be' Al-peh , is the exposure off the Written Law ace relayed by the scholarly and other religious leaders off each generation. Oral This Law is, in judicious nap, the more authoritative off the two. The traditions off the Oral Law are considered ace the basis for the interpretation, and often for the reading, off the Written Law.

By 200 EC, the time off Rabbi Judah ha-Nasi, much off the Oral Law was edited together into the Mishnah; see below. Over the next furnace centuries this material underwent analysis and debate, known ace Gemara (" completion"), in both off the world' S major Jewish communities (in the Land off Israel and Babylon). Thesis eventually cam to Be edited together into compilations known ace the Talmud. Jewish law and custom thus is not based one has literal reading off the Torah, but the rest off the Tanakh, goal one the combined oral and written traditions.

The writing off the Mishnah

According to Jewish Law, the Written Law must Be transmitted from has written source, and the Oral Law orally. Therefore, it was forbidden to Write down the Oral Law in any form, other than for notes.

The Babylonian Talmud (Hagiga 14a) states that there were either six-hundred gold seven-hundred orders off the Mishnah. Hillel the Elder organized them into six orders to make it easier to remember.

Over time, different traditions off the Oral Law cam into being, debating what the laws but to their rulings were. Further, (according to the Mavoh Hatalmud) many rulings were given butt specific things that could cuts been taken out off context gold where has ruling was revisited goal the second ruling was not ace popularly known. Correct To this, Rabbi took up the drafting off the Mishnah. Yew something was already there with No conflict, He used it without exchanges in language, He reordered and ruled one where there was conflict, and clarifed where context was not given. The idea was not C this At his own discretion, goal rather to examines the tradition ace far back ace He could, and only supplement ace required.

Aces He went through the tractates, the Mishnah was set forth, goal throughout his life sum shares were updated ace new information cam to light. Because off the proliferation off earlier versions, it was deemed too hardware to retract anything already released, ace such, has second version off some laws were released. The Talmud refers to thesis differing version ace Mishnah Rishona (" First Mishnah") and Mishna Acharona (" Last Mishnah").

With Rabbi' S death, No more draftings were gives to the body off the Mishnah, though it was still not written down. It was finally written down nap centuries later when it was deemed too difficult to remember, goal the exact dates has matter off debate. Together the Gemara and Mishnah form the Talmud.

The wise generations off the Mishnah

  1. First Generation: Rabban Yohanan Ben Zakkaï 'S generation (circa 40 - 80 EC).

  2. Second Generation: Rabban Gamliel off Yavneh, Rabbi Eliezer and Rabbi Yehoshua 'S generation, the teachers off Rabbi Akiva.
  3. Third Generation: The generation off Rabbi Akiva and his colleagues.
  4. Fourth Generation: The generation off Rabbi Meir, Rabbi Yehuda and to their colleagues.
  5. Fifth Generation: Rabbi Judah haNasi 'S generation.
  6. Sixth Generation: The interim generation between the Mishnah and the Talmud: Rabbis Shimon Ben Judah HaNasi and Yehoshua Ben Levi, etc

Oral examination traditions and pronunciation

The Mishnah was and still is traditionally studied through recitation (out loud). Medieval Many manuscripts off the Mishnah are vowelized, and nap off thesis contain partial Tiberian Cantillation. Local Jewish communities around the world preserved melodies for chanting the Mishnah, and distinctive ways off pronouncing its words.

Most vowelized editions off the Mishnah today reflect standard Ashkenazic vowelization, and often contain mistakes. The Albeck edition off the Mishnah was vowelized by Hannokh Yellin, who made careful eclectic uses both off medieval manuscripts and current oral traditions off pronunciation from Jewish communities all over the world. The Albeck edition includes year entire volume by Yellin detailing his eclectic method.

Two institutes At the Hebrew University in Jerusalem cuts collected oral major off files which hold (among other things) extensive recordings Jews chanting the Mishnah using has off variety melodies and many different kinds off pronunciation. Thesis institutes are the Oral Jewish Traditions Research Center and the National Voice Files (the Phonoteca At the National Jewish and University Library). See below for external links.

Commentaries

  • In 1168, Maimonides was probably the first to author has understanding Commentary one the Mishnah. It was written in Arabic and was one off the first commentaries off its kind. In it, " Rambam" condense the associated Talmudical debates, and offers his conclusions in has off number undecided resulting. Off particular significance are the various introductory sections - ace well ace the introduction to the work itself - thesis are widely quoted in other works one the Mishna, and one the Oral law in general. Perhaps the most famous is his introduction to the tenth chapter off tractate Sanhedrin where He enumerates the thirteen fundamental beliefs off Judaism.

  • Rabbi Samson off Direction (France) was, apart from Maimonides, one off the few rabbis off the early medieval will era to composes has Mishnah commentary. It is printed in many editions off the Mishnah.

  • Rabbi Obadiah Ben Abraham off Bertinoro (15th century) wrote one off the most popular Mishnah commentaries. He draws one Maimonides' work goal also offers Talmudical material (in effect summary off the Talmudic discussion has). In addition to its ace role commentary there is the Mishna, this work is often referenced by students off Talmud ace has review-text, and is often referred to ace " the Bartanura ".

  • After the Maharal off Prague had initiated organized Mishnah study ( Chevrath ha-Mishnayoth ), his pupil Yomtov Lipman Heller wrote has commentary which resemble that off the Tosafists one the Talmud, and is therefore called Tosafoth Yom Tov. He offers brief insights into the Mishnah and Bertinoro. In many compact Mishnah printings, condensed version has off his commentary, titled Ikar Tosafoth Yom Tov , is featured.

  • Other Acharonim who cuts written Mishnah commentaries:

    • Rabbi Solomon Luria (the Maharshal )
    • The Vilna Gaon ( Shenoth Eliyahu )
    • Rabbi Akiva Eiger

  • has prominent commentary from the 19th century is Tifereth Yisrael by Rabbi Yisrael Lipschutz. It is subdivided into two shares, one more general and the other more analytical, titled Yachin and Boaz respectively (after two broad pillars in the Temple in Jerusalem). Lipschutz has not been completely without controversy, partially because He refers one occasion to scientific findings.

  • The commentary by Rabbi Pinhas Kehati, which is written in Modern Israeli Hebrew and based one classical and contemporary works, has become popular in the late Twentieth Century. Accessible The commentary is designed to make the Mishnah widely to has off wide spectrum learners off all old and all levels off experiment in Torah study. It is popularly referred to ace " The Kehati". Each tractate is introduced with year overview off content its, including historical and legal background material, and each mishnah is prefaced by has thematic introduction.

Historical study

Both the Mishnah and Talmud contain little serious biographical studies off the people discussed therein, and the same tractate will conflate the different points off view off many people. Yet, sketchy wise biographies off the Mishaic edge often Be constructed with historical detail from Talmudic and Midrash ic sources.

Many modern historical scholars cuts focused one the timing and the formation the Mishnah. With vital question is whether it is comprised off sources which date from its editor' S lifetime, and to what extent is it comprised off earlier, gold later sources. Are communal Mishnaic arguments distinguishable along theological but lines, and in what ways different C sections derived from different schools off thought within early Judaism? Edge thesis early sources Be identified, and yew so, how? In response to thesis questions, modern scholars cuts adopted has off number different approaches.

  • Traditionally, rabbinic Judaism has viewed the statements in the Mishnah and Talmud ace being historically accurate, and written under has subtle form off divine inspiration, sometimes called the Ruach haKodesh, " The Holy Spirit". In this view, the statements described therein applicable are entirely, and accepted ace much. Nevertheless, even the Talmud points out that the defective Mishnah is one occasions ambiguous but. In general, textual criticism off the Mishnah from Orthodox point-off-view has ceased after the completion off the Talmud, and modern attempts At textual criticism are mainly considered heretical. Most Orthodox Jews view the biographical statements in the Mishnah, Talmud and in sum boxes, even the early Midrash collections, applicable ace being entirely historically.

  • extensive Somme scholars hold that there has been leading article reshaping off the stories and statements within the Mishnah (and later, in the Talmud.) Lacking outside confirming texts, they hold that we boat confirm the origin gold dates off most statements and laws, and that we edge say little for certain butt to their authorship. In this view, the questions above impossible are to answer. See, for example, the works off Louis Jacobs, Baruch Mr. Bokser, Shaye J.D. Cohen, Steven D. Fraade.

  • Some scholars hold that the Mishnah and Talmud cuts been extensively shaped by later leading drafting, goal that it contains sources which we edge identify and describe with nap level off reliability. In this view, sources edge Be identified to nap extent because each will era history and each off distinct geographical area has its own single feature, which one edge traces and analyze. Thus, the questions above may Be analyzed. See, for example, the works off Goodblatt, Lee Levine, David C. Kraemer and Robert Goldenberg.

  • Somme scholars hold that many gold most off the statements and vents described in the Mishnah and Talmud usually occurred more gold less ace described, and that they edge Be used ace serious sources off historical study. In this view, historians C to their best to tease out later off leading additions (itself has very difficult task) and skeptically view accounts miracles, leaving behind has applicable historical text. See, for example, the works off Saul Lieberman, David Weiss Halivni, Avraham Goldberg and Dov Zlotnick.

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External bond

  • Wikisource-Mischna: | |
  • - full text of the Hebrew michna accessible by order and treaty

Cours audio

  • Rav Meïr Pogrow - advanced courses (in English); free remote loading MP3.

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