Mircea Eliade

Mircea Eliade (March 9th 1907 with Bucharest - April 22nd 1986 with Chicago) is a historian of the religions, mythologist, Philosophe and Rumanian novelist . He spoke and wrote usually eight languages (Rumanian, French, German, Italian, English, Hebrew, Persan and Sanskrit), but the major part of his university work was written initially in Rumanian, then in French and English.

The name of Eliade remains particularly attached to some of its works several times republished like Mythe of the eternal return (1949), of Crowned and the Layman (1956) of Mythes, dreams and mysteries (1957). Privileging a comparative step, its research on the experiment and the manifestations of the Sacré raise at the same time of the religious Phénoménologie, the Herméneutique and the philosophical Anthropologie. Because of its engagements to the Extreme right-hand side at the end of the Years 1920 and during the Years 1930, several specialists however expressed reservations with regard to the professional work of Eliade, qualifying it rather Pseudo-science or relegating it on the side of the speculation Métaphysique or the esotericism. Some of its concepts such that of “Hiérophanie”, “religion sui generis ” and of “crowned ontological” are regarded as important contributions to the history of the religions and continue today to cause the discussion In addition to its academic work, Eliade was also novelist, essay writer and memorialist.

Biography

Youth

Mircea Eliade grew in a Christian family orthodoxe. In the 14 years age, it publishes its first novel How I discovered the Philosopher's stone (1921). It is interested very early in philosophy, the philology and the studies of the foreign languages. About 1924-1925, it controls German, English, French and Italian.

Studies and political commitments

It is registered with the faculty of philososphie of the Université of Bucharest in 1925. It is then that it is subject to the influence of Nae Ionescu which was then one asssitant professor of logic and mathematics as well as a journalist. Engagegement of this confèrere to the extreme right-hand side was criticized and this frequentation contributed to tarnish the reputation of Eliade.

Its report of control was devoted to the Italian Rebirth and, in particular, the philosophers Marsile Ficin and Giordano Bruno. The humanism of the Rebirth is remained a major influence in work of Eliade.

In 1928, it makes knowledge, at the University of Bucharest, Emile Cioran and Eugene Ionesco, prelude to a long friendship which continues thereafter in France.

Recent research on the political commitment of Eliade such those of Alexandra Laignel-Lavastine and Daniel Dubuisson put at the day that Eliade was leader of the Rumanian Young generation since 1927, that its articles in the review Vremea and the daily newspaper Cuvintul contributed to give a philosophical base to the “Movement Legionary” (Garde of iron) of Codreanu. It then is seen enemy Lumières, freemason, modes democratic “of foreign importation”, Bolchévisme, in favor of “the ethnic insurrection” against the local minorities and “the Jewish invasion”.

After obtaining a license of philosophy in 1928, it leaves for the India at the age twenty and one years. It remains for studies during three years with Calcutta (Western Bengal, India), it prepares its doctorate there. This voyage will be for him a true initiation which will mark its later work. It returns in December 1931 and begins the drafting its thesis on the Yoga which will become Yoga, immortality and freedom .

In parallel, it continues a career of writer. Its novel Maitreyi. The Night Bengali (transl. frank., Gallimard, 1950) deserves a price in spring of 1933. The same year, he becomes doctor of philosophy. From 1933 to 1940, he teaches Indian philosophy with the Université of Bucharest. In the review Vremea (“Rumanian Time”) of September 10th, 1936, publishes antimaconnic writings . It suggests a bringing together between the “mentality” of the freemasons and that of the Russian Communists whom it considers monovalent” and “abstract” “.

In 1937, it meets Julius Evola - admiror of Codreanu, then on a journey in Romania - at Nae Ionescu. It will be the beginning of a regular correspondence between the two men.

In March 1940, when the “green Shirts” arrive at the capacity under the military dictatorship and anti-semite of Ion Antonescu (the national State legionary, Statul Naţional Legionar ), Eliade will be named attached cultural of the mode near the royal legation of Romania to London. It fulfills the same function with Lisbon of January 1941 until the end of the Second world war to the embassy of the Portugal, in Lisbon. It then writes a book with the glory of “the Christian State and totalitarian” of Salazar ( Salazar şi revoluţion in Portugalia , 1942).

Post-war period

With the autumn 1945, it settles with Paris and Georges Dumézil invites it to Ve section of the practical École of the high studies to present the first chapters of what will become later its Traité history of the religions . The same year, it writes in Rumanian Prolégomènes with the history of the religions , which will appear thereafter in French under the title of Traité history of the religions (1949) with a foreword of Dumézil. In 1949, it is particularly made know of the French public with the publication of its test on the Myth of the eternal return (Gallimard).

As from this period, Eliade and his wife Christinel Cottesco travel to Europe and to the the United States, continuing their research, while being requested on both sides for conferences and conference.

Career in the United States

In 1959, the Université of Chicago entrusts to him the pulpit of history of the religions, which will not put fine at its exile that he regards as party fascinating of his work and his personality. In 1956, it makes appear its most famous work, Crowned and the Layman (Gallimard, 1956). During these years, he regularly attended the meetings of Eranos (founded by Carl Gustav Jung) with Ascona (Suisse).

August 1st

Theories and history of the religions

August 1st

Literary career

August 1st

Engagements and posterity

As from 1970, he is member of the committee of patronage of the review Nouvelle School of the Groupement of research and studies for European civilization (GREECE) at the sides in particular of personalities extreme French line like Jean Mabire and Roland Gaucher, but also representatives of the esotericism and the Mysticisme such Raymond Abellio or Louis Pauwels. Eliade also forms part of the intellectual guides of the Nouvelle Right-hand side with Julius Evola and various German authors belonging to the mobility of the Preserving Révolution.

In Occultisme, sorcery and modes cultural (1978), Eliade does not hesitate to testify to its admiration for Rene Guénon, which contributed to arrange its work on the side of the esotericism.

August 1st

He dies April 25th, 1986 in Chicago.

Publications (nonexhaustive list)

Historical work, tests

  • Yoga, test on the origins of the Indian mystic , Bucharest-Paris, P. Geuthner, Fundatia pentru literatură, “Library of Rumanian philosophy”, 1936.
  • Salazar şi revoluţion in Portugalia , Bucureşti, Gujan, 1942.
  • Os Romenos latinos C Directs , Lisboa, Livraria Clássica Editora, 1943.
  • Technique of Yoga , Paris, Gallimard, 1948.
  • the myth of the eternal return. Prototypes and repetition , translated from Rumanian by Jean Gouillard and Jacques Soucasse, Paris, Gallimard, “Tests”, 1949; new re-examined and increased edition, “Ideas”, 1969.
  • Treated history of the religions , foreword of Georges Dumézil, translation of Rumanian, by Mrs. Carciu, Jean Gouillard, Alphonse Juilland, Mihai Sora and Jacques Soucasse, edition re-examined and corrected by Georges Dumézil, Paris, Payot, “scientific Library”, 1949; new edition, 1964; 1974. ; “Small Payot library”, 1977; 1983; 1989
  • shamanism and antiquated techniques of the extase , Paris, Payot, “scientific Library”, 1950; 2nd re-examined and increased edition, 1968; “Payothèque”, 1978.
  • Psychology and history of the religions. Concerning the symbolism of the “center” , Zurich, Rhein-Verlag, 1951. (Extracted from Eranos. Jahrbuch , 19)
  • Images and symbols. Tests on symbolism magico-monk , Paris, Gallimard, “Tests”, 1952; rééd. with a new foreword, “Such”, 1979; with a foreword of Georges Dumézil, “Such”, 1980
  • Yoga. Immortality and freedom , Paris, Payot, “scientific Library”, 1954; new re-examined and corrected, “Small edition Payot library”, 1968; “Payothèque”, 1972; “Small Payot library”; new re-examined and corrected edition, 1977. ; 1983; 1991
  • Blacksmiths and alchemists , Paris, Flammarion, “Homo Sapiens”, 1956; new corrected and increased edition, “Fields”, 1977.
  • Myths, dreams and mysteries , Paris, Gallimard, “Tests”, 1957; rééd. “Ideas”, 1972.
  • mystical Births. Test on some types of initiation , Paris, Gallimard, 1959.
  • Technical of yoga , Paris, Gallimard, “Tests”, Paris, 1959; new re-examined and increased edition, “Ideas”, 1975.
  • Méphistophélès and the androgyne , Paris, Gallimard, “Tests”, 1962; rééd. 1972; “Ideas”, 1981
  • Patanjali and yoga , Paris, Editions of the Threshold, “Masters spiritual”, Paris, 1962.
  • Aspects of the myth , Paris, Gallimard, “Ideas”, 1963; rééd. “Folio tests”, 1988
  • Crowned and the layman , traducton of German of Das Heilige und das Layman , Paris, Gallimard, “Ideas”, 1965; rééd. “Folio tests”, 1987
  • De Zalmoxis with Gengis-Khan. Comparative studies on the religions and the folklore of Dacie and Eastern Europe , Paris, Payot, “historical Library”, 1970.
  • the Nostalgia of the origins. Methodology and history of the religions ( The Quest, meaning and history in religion ), traductin of Henry Pernet and Jean Gouillard, Paris, Gallimard, “Tests”, 1971; rééd. “Ideas”, 1978
  • primitive Religions , T. 1. Australian Religions , ( History off religions ) translated from English by Laurent Jospin, Paris, Payot, “Small Payot library”, 1972.
  • Australian religions. Year introduction , Ithaca-London, Cornell University Near, “Symbol, myth, and ritual series”, 1973.
  • Of the Age of the stone to the mysteries of Eleusis. History of the beliefs and the religious ideas , T. 1, Paris, Payot, “historical Library”, 1976. ; rééd. 1983
  • Initiation, rites, secret societies, mystical births. Test on some types of initiation, Paris, Gallimard, “Ideas”, 1976. (previously appeared in English under the title: Birth and rebirth , it acts of a compilation of altered texts of conferences pronounced at the University of Chicago in 1956, under the title: Patterns off initiation).
  • De Gautama Buddha with the triumph of Christianity. History of the beliefs and the religious ideas , T. 2, Payot, “historical Library”, Paris, 1978; rééd. 1983; 1989
  • Occultism, sorcery and modes cultural , translation of English ( Occultism, witchcraft and farming fashions ) by Jean Malaquais, Paris, Gallimard, “Tests”, 1978.
  • De Mahomet at the age of the Reforms. History of the beliefs and the religious ideas, T. 3, Payot, “historical Library”, Paris, 1983; rééd. 1989
  • To break the roof of the house. Creativity and its symbols , partially translated from English and Rumanian, Paris, Gallimard, “the Tests”, 1986
  • (editor as a chief), The Encyclopedia off religion , New York, Macmillan, 1987. ; Mircea Eliade (to dir.), Dictionary of the religions , Paris, Plon, 1990.

Novels

  • the Night Bengali ( Maitreyi ), 1933.
  • prohibited Forest ( Noaptea de Sânzienne ), translated from Rumanian by Alain Guillermou, Paris, Gallimard, “Of the whole world”, 1955.
  • Midnight in Serampore , followed the Secrecy of Doctor Honigberger , translated by Albert-Marie Schmidt, re-examined by the author, Paris, Stock, 1956; rééd. “Cosmopolitan Library”,
  • Nuvele , Madrid, Artegrafia, “Colectia Destiny”, 1963.
  • Amintiri , Madrid, Artegrafía, “Colectia Destiny”, 1966.
  • Maitreyi. Nuntǎ ín cer , Cu a studiu introductiv of Dumitru Micu, Bucuresti, Editura pentru literaturǎ, 1969.
  • Tigānci. If alte povestiri , Cu a studiu introductiv of Sorin Alexandrescu Bucuresti, Editura pentru will literatura, 1969.
  • In curte Dionis , Madrid, imp. Benzal, “Caietele Inorogului”, 1977.
  • the Old man and the officer , ( EP strada Mântuleasa ) translated from Rumanian by Alain Guillermou, Paris Gallimard, “Of the whole world”, 1977; rééd. “The Imaginary one”, 1981
  • Miss Christina , novel ( Domnisoara Christina ) translated from Rumanian by Claude Levenson, black Paris, Herne, “Books”, 1978; rééd. Paris, France leisures, 1979.
  • the Night Bengali , ( Maitreyi ) translation of Rumanian by Alain Guillermou, Paris, Gallimard, “Folio”, 1979; rééd. 1989
  • the snake or Andronic and the snake , ( Şarpele ) translated from Rumanian by Claude B. black Levenson, Paris, Herne, “Books”, 1979.
  • Weddings with the paradise , ( Nunta in cer ) translated from Rumanian by Marcel Ferrand, Paris, Herne, “Novel”, 1981. ; rééd. 1986, “the Imaginary one”,
  • the one centenary Time , followed Dayan , ( Tinerete fārā tinerete ) translated from Rumanian by Alain Paruit, Paris, Gallimard, “Of the whole world”, 1981.
  • the nineteen Pinks , ( Nouàsprezece trandafiri ) translated from Rumanian by Alain Paruit, Paris, Gallimard, “Of the whole world”, 1982.
  • Hooligans , novel, ( Hooligans , Huliganii ) translation of Rumanian by Alain Paruit, Paris, Herne, Novel, 1987.
  • Isabelle and water of devil ( Isabel if diavolului calls), Herne/Fayard, Paris, 1999,229 p.

News

  • Uniform of general , news, translation of Rumanian by Alain Paruit, Paris, Gallimard, “Of the whole world”, 1981.
  • the three Graces , news, translation of Rumanian by Ionesco Marie-France and Alain Paruit, Paris, Gallimard, “Of the whole world”, 1984.

Memories, memories, talks

  • Fragments of a newspaper I (1945-1969) , translation of Rumanian by Luc Badesco, Paris, Gallimard, “Of the whole world”, 1973. ; rééd. 1986
  • the Test of the labyrinth. Discussions with Claude-Henri Rocquet , Paris, P. Belfond, “Talks”, 1978; rééd. 1985
  • Promises of the equinox (1907-1937). Memory I , translation of the Rumanian manuscript by Constantin NR. Grigoresco, Paris, Gallimard, “Of the whole world”, 1980.
  • Fragments of a newspaper II (1970-1978), traduiction of the Rumanian manuscript by C. Grigoresco, Paris, Gallimard, “Of the whole world”, 1981.
  • Memories of Venice of W. Siegfried , testimonys of Mircea Éliade, Eugene Ionesco, daN Nemteanu, gathered by Ionel Jianou, Neuilly, Friends of W. Siegfried, 1984.
  • India , translation of Rumanian by Alain Paruit, Paris: Herne, “Meanders”, 1988.
  • Harvests of the solstice (1937-1960). Memory II , translation of the Rumanian manuscript by Alain Paruit, Paris, Gallimard, “Of the whole world”, 1988.
  • Fragmentarium , translation of the Rumanian manuscript by Alain Paruit, Paris, Herne, “Meanders” 1989.

Theater

  • Iphigenia, piesă in 3 act , Bucuresti, national Teatrului, 10 februarie 1941, Valle Hermoso, “Cartea pribegiei”, 1951.

Bibliography (work on Eliade)

  • Daniel Dubuisson, Mythologies of the XXe century , Villeneuve d' Ascq, Presses university of Lille, 1993.

  • Daniel Dubuisson, “the fascisant esotericism of Mircea Eliade”, in Actes of research in social sciences , 1995, vol. 106, No 106-107, p. 42-51.
  • Daniel Dubuisson, Impostures and pseudoscience, the work of Mircea Eliade , foreword of Isac Chiva, Villeneuve-at Ascq, university Presses of North, “Knowledge better”, 2005.
  • Stanislas Deprez, Mircea Eliade. The philosophy of crowned , Paris, Harmattan, 1999.
  • Douglas Allen, Mircea Eliade and the phenomenon religious , Payot, Paris, 1982.
  • Shafique Keshavjee, Mircea Eliade and the coincidence of opposed or the existence in duel , Bern, Peter Lang SA, 1993.
  • Joseph Kitawage, “Eliade, Mircea”, note in Mircea Eliade (to dir.), The Encyclopedia off Religion , New York, Macmillan company, 1987, p. 85-90.
  • Alexandra Laignel-Lavastine, Cioran, Eliade, Ionesco. The lapse of memory of Fascism , Paris, PUF, “critical Prospects”, 2002.
  • Herne. Mircea Eliade , book directed by Constantin Tacou, with the collaboration of Georges Banu and Guy Chalvon-Demersay, with a choice of texts of Mircea Eliadem, Paris, Editions of Herne, “Herne”, No 33,1978.
  • Adrian Marino, the hermeneutics of Mircea Eliade , Paris, Gallimard, 1981.
  • Carl Olson, The Theology and philosophy off Eliade , London, Macmillan academic and professionnal LTD, 1992.
  • Henri Charles Puesch, the Gnosis and Time , in Eranos-Jahrbuch , XX, 1951.
  • Bryan Disavows (ED.), Changing religious worlds. The meaning and end off Mircea Eliade , Albany (N.Y.), State University off New York Near, 2001.
  • Julien Laugh, “Eliade, Mircea”, note in the Dictionnaire of the religions , Paris, PUF, 1984, pp. 612-615.
  • Turcanu Guilder, Mircea Eliade, the pioneer of the history , Paris, the Discovery, 2003.

See too

Related articles

External bonds

  • life and the work of Mircea Eliade (1907-1986) by Ralph Stehly, Professor of history of the religions, University Marc Bloch, Strasbourg.
  • '' Crowned and the Layman '', summarized
  • '' Forgerons and Alchimistes '', fast Study of alchemy, using in particular the book of Mircea Eliade

Random links:ISO 3166-2: 2002-12-10 | EP (letter) | Franc-guard | Amiens Sports Club | Carlos Alazraqui | Tekoa_(biblique)