Miklós Horthy
The Admiral Miklós Horthy de Nagybánya (1868 with Kenderes, in Hungary - 1957 with the Portugal) is a former military chief Austro-Hungarian and Régent of the Kingdom of Hungary of 1920 with 1944.
Admiral of the fleet Austro-Hungarian of which it is named commander-in-chief in 1918, seriously wounded during the First World War, Horthy de Nagybánya one is disappointed of the division of the Austria-Hungary. Nationalist, he is Minister and chief of the armed forces in the government counter-revolutionary of Szeged which faces the République of the Councils of the Communiste Béla Kun. Chief of the armed forces counter-revolutionaries, Horthy decides to preserve his troops whereas its allies of the Rumanian armed forces enter Budapest the August 6th 1919, deserted by the government of Kun. It is the time of the " terror blanche" , organized by the Rumanian army and the forces counter-revolutionaries directed against the Communists in rout.
The admiral, benefitting from the Rumanian withdrawal the November 14th 1919, seizes the power. The Rumanian troops evacuate the country definitively on February 25th 1920.
In March 1920, the National Assembly of Hungary restores the Monarchie but chooses not to call upon the applicant legitimates Charles IV Habsbourg), last Empereur of Austria-Hungary. She proclaims Horthy, admiral without fleet, regent of the kingdom for one indefinite period.
Hungary does not know therefore a wind of Libéralisme suddenly, but undergoes the authoritarianism of the regent. Very preserving (reactionary), Horthy installs an authoritative dictatorship which sympathizes with the surrounding modes fascisants. From the Thirties, it will name in its ministry for the fascistic militants.
Benefitting then from its powerful allied Italian and German, Hungary will profit from the arbitration of Vienna in 1938 to recover territories lost like the Ruthénie, recovered Slovakia then Ruthénie of Carpathes after the cutting-up of the Czechoslovakia.
In 1938, under the influence of the Nazi Germany, the first laws Antisémite S are promulgated, initially restricting to 20% of the total the number of Juif S in certain professions, the administration and the trade. Thereafter, the percentage is tiny room to 5%. Other laws prohibit the inter-racial marriages or withdraw their Hungarian nationality with 250.000 Jews.
During the war, Hungary remains relatively far away from the sphere of influence of Germany (contrary to the Slovakia for example, put into orbit to the extreme). (See the article Hungary during the Second world war).
In 1940, Hungary is on the point of invading the Romania to seize the lost province of Transylvania. Hitler intervenes to avoid a war between allied and divides the province between the two countries.
In April 1941, Hungary integrates the Axis and takes part in the side of Germany and the Bulgaria in the invasion of the Yugoslavia.
The first massacre of 20.000 Hungarian Jews by troops S intervenes with the autumn 1941.
In 1942, Horthy starts secret negotiations with the Anglo-American allies. The Hungarian delegation led by Albert Szent-Györgyi meets in secrecy the British with Istambul. They are however spread.
In January 1942, on order of the officers Ferenc Feketehalmy-Czeidner, József Grassy, László Deák and Márton Zöldy, of the Serb and Jewish civilians are massacred in Vojvodine in the area of Backa and their bodies thrown in the the Danube and the Tisa. After the investigation diligentée by Horthy in person into this massacre, the Hungarian responsible officers take refuge in Germany, protected by the Nazi regime.
In February 1942, the son of the Admiral Horthy, István Horthy, is elected vice-regent (without death tax with his father) to assist his father in his function. The Nazis see this election of an evil eye (Joseph Goebbels note in his newspaper which this election was " large a malheur" because " the son is even more philosémite that the père"). August 20th, 1942, the plane of István Horthy was crushed shortly after its take-off, probably sabotaged by the Nazis.
In 1944, the Red Army arrives at the borders of Hungary. The Nazis seize Horthy and sequester it in Klessheim. The March 19th 1944, the Wehrmacht occupies Hungary and names a Hungarian government with its pay. The Hungarian officers responsible for the massacre of Backa return then in their country.
It is at this time that the Jews, until relatively saved there by the mode of Horthy, are off-set in mass on order of the government of Budapest directed by Döme Sztójay.
Horthy, still regent, suspend the deportation of the Jews of Budapest in June 1944. It dissolves the government and starts negotiations with the Soviets. The Germans intervene then again. The commando of Otto Skorzeny kidnaps the son of Horthy (Miklós Horthy) the day when the regent declares the end of the hostilities. It is then obliged to reconsider this declaration before abdicating, reversed by the fléchées Croix, supported by Hitler.
Horthy passes the end of the war in a state of arrest in Bavaria. It is then stopped by the Americans in May 1945.
On the 825.000 prewar Hungarian Jews, only 260.000 of them survived (565 000 perished). Horthy taken part forever directly in the Holocaust (it tried to stop the deportations) and it is true only the major part of the deportations and of the massacres took place during the puppet government of Döme Sztójay. But its moral responsibility is committed.
After the war, the Yugoslavia required so that Horthy be judged like war criminal. The Allies refused. It on the contrary was slackened. It was exiled with the Portugal with Estoril, where it died in 89 years in 1957.
He wrote his memories Ein Leben für Ungarn ( a life for Hungary ) during his exile. He there never tells not to have relied on Hitler and explains his step concerning Hungary but he judges maltreated by the Traité of Trianon (loss of more than 70% of the Hungarian territory, allotted to Austria, Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia).
Horthy had four children (Miklós, István, Magda and Paula). Seul Miklós survived to him.
In 1993, the remainders of Horthy were repatriated with Kenderes in Hungary, in accordance with its last wills.
See too
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