Mikhaïl Boulgakov

Mikhaïl Afanassievitch Boulgakov (in), born with Kiev the May 3rd of the Calendar Julien/May 15th 1891, died with Moscow the March 10th 1940), of Ukrainian origin , is a Russian writer .

Its most known work is the Master and Marguerite (МастериМаргарита), in whom it skilfully mixes the Fantastique and reality, so that the fantastic master key for reality, and reality for fantastic, as well as the times and the places, Jerusalem at the 1st century, under Pontius Pilate, and Moscow, in the Années 1930, under the Soviet dictatorship.

Life

Youth

Mikhaïl Boulgakov is the oldest son of Afanassi Ivanovitch Boulgakov, wire of a priest of Lecturer Orel and itself of Histoire of the Western religions with the academy of Kiev, and Varvara Mikhaïlovna, born Pokrovskaïa, girl of an archpriest of Karathchev (in the province of Orel), which was teaching before its marriage. The maternal grandmother of Boulgakov was born Tourbine. Are born then four sisters: Vera in 1892, Nadejda (Nadia) in 1893, Varvara (Varied) in 1895 and Elena (Liolia) in 1902, and two brothers: Nikolaï (Nicolas or Kolia) in 1898, Ivan (Vania) in 1900. In 1901, Mikhaïl enters to the Lycée Alexandrovski of Kiev. The same year, Boulgakov make build a Datcha in Boutcha, with 30 kilometers of Kiev, where they meet the summer and organize spectacles of family and friendly amateurs. The family likes and practical the music. Mikhaïl learns the piano. With Kiev, after six removals, Boulgakov settle, in 1906, in an apartment rented to the 13, descent Saint-Andrew (which will be the framework of the novel the white Guard ). In March 1907, Afanassi Boulgakov, which has been just seen conferring by the ecclesiastical academy the title of doctor, the rank of professor and a retirement corresponding to thirty years of service (whereas it achieved only twenty-two of them), dies of a doubled angionéphrosclérose of a loss of the sight.

At the summer 1908, Boulgakov becomes acquainted with that which will be his first wife, Tatiana (Tassia) Lappa, girl of the director of the Douane S of Saratov. In June 1909, it finishes its studies second, which were very honourable, in spite of leaning marked for the mystifications and the nicknames, and is registered, with the re-entry, the medical college of Kiev. Liberal monarchist, the center of his life is the family circle, extended to many cousins and comrades. He has already a passion for the Théâtre and the opera and assiduously attends the opera of Kiev and the Solovtsov theater. In 1913, Boulgakov marries Tatiana Lappa. The following year, on vacation in its in-laws with Saratov when the war bursts, he works during all of summer at the hospital of help founded in the city to accommodate the casualties. In April 1916, it is received with mention with the final examinations, anticipated because of the war and enlists immediately like volunteer in the Croix-Rouge.

Doctor in the war

In September 1916, he is convened with Moscow, where his assignment is meant to him, in the capacity as reservist of the territorial defense of 2nd class in a civil hospital of the province of Smolensk, at the village of Nikolskoïé, forty verstes of the chief town of district of Sytchovska (experiment which will inspire the to him Carnets of a young doctor ). Overpowered work and very heavy responsibilities for a young isolated doctor, he discharges with conscience of his task. In addition, it becomes morphine addict, following an allergy to the anti-diphtheric serum of which it was relieved by injections of morphine. In spring 1917, it profits from two vacation, one which it passes to Saratov, where it learns the first events from the Révolution from February to Petrograd, the other to Kiev. To the autumn, it is transferred to hospital of Viazma, where it is occupied less by its work and starts to write several accounts, of which none was preserved: Disease (first version of Morphine ), inspired of its morphine addiction, Dragon green , Notebooks of young person doctor (title which will become that of a whole of accounts completed in 1925-1926), the First flowering . In December, whereas the Bolshevik S, arrived at the capacity at the time of the Révolution of October, were driven out of Kiev (Nikolaï Boulgakov took part, like Junker, with the resistance of the city) and that the Rada, assembled nationalist Ukrainian, proclaims the République, Boulgakov is with Moscow, occupied by steps to be made release from the military service, without result. Of return to Viazma, it waits until the February 22nd 1918 to be released of its military obligations and returns to Kiev by Moscow.

Installed with his wife, her brothers and his sisters to the 13, Saint-Andrew descent, it opens an doctor's office of venerology. His/her mother, remariée with Doctor Voskressenski, lives to the 56 of the same street. At spring 1918, with the assistance of his wife and her father-in-law, Boulgakov finally manages to be released completely from its morphine addiction. In Kiev, it is pilot evolution of the situation, between the government of the hetman Skoropadski, creature of the German occupant, the Ukrainian nationalists, directed by Simon Petlioura, the Army of the volunteers (future Armée white), organized in October 1918 by the general Dénikine to stop the advance of the Bolchevik S, and the task force Franco-British envoy in November in Black Sea. Kiev, at the time, is used as center of rallying of all the refugees of north fleeing the Communist government. These events, and more particularly the catch of Kiev by the troops of Petlioura, constitute the backdrop of the white Guard and of the Jours of Tourbine . Mobilized by the nationalist Directory, whose French intitués themselves protective, while getting along with the generals monarchists Dénikine and Krasnov, Boulgakov attends bloody scenes, in particular anti-Semitic crimes, and with the evacuation of Kiev by Petlioura, threatened of surrounding by the Bolchevik S, the February 5th 1919, events which one finds the trace in the white Guard , the extraordinary Adventures of Doctor N. and the Night of the 2 to the 3 . September 1st, under the double pressure of the nationalists, who organize risings and Pogrom S in the Ukrainian campaigns, and of an army corps of the volunteers, the Bolchevik S evacuate Kiev, and Ivan and Nikolaï Boulgakov engage in the army of Dénikine. Boulgakov is haunted by the dangers which his/her brothers run in the South, obsession which will inspire to him the red Crown . Itself is requisitioned by the white Armée as a doctor, and is at the end of September or at the beginning of October joined Vladikavkaz. The November 13rd 1919, it publishes in Grozny , newspaper supporting Dénikine, an article violently antibolchevik, very pessimist, entitled Future prospect , which it signs “Mr. B.”.

Literary beginnings

In 1920, installed with Vladikavkaz, Boulgakov decides to give up medicine to devote itself to the writing. It publishes several accounts ( With the coffee the January 5th, an account subtitles “Tribute of admiration” the 6 or the February 7th) and collaborates in a transitory white newspaper . Reached Typhus at the time of the installation of the Bolsheviks, it cannot flee and thus remains with Vladikavkaz. At the end of March, it is made engage with the sub-section of Arts of the city, directed by Iouri Sliozkine, a novelist with success before the Revolution, which joins Boulgakov as director of the “Lito” (department “Literature” of this organization). May 1st, a Soviet Theater is inaugurated; Boulgakov presents spectacles, organizes cultural evenings, animates debates, ensures to it literary and theatrical criticism in the local press. At the end of May, it takes the direction of Téo (department “Theater”) and organizes at once a studio of dramatic art. The June 6th is played its first part, Autodéfense (of which we do not have any trace), “humoresque in an act”. During the summer, he writes a drama in four acts, the brothers Tourbine , subtitled “the hour sounded”, which gains a great success in October, but with which he is not content, owe bâcler for food reasons a subject which was due to him in heart. At the same time a polemic with the local daily Kommounist takes place (“the Communist”), of which it did not support that the director attacks Pouchkine at the time of a debate, and it is treated of “middle-class man”. The November 25th, qualified of “white”, Boulgakov is expelled of the sub-section of Arts. Being able to make publish the accounts only he writes nor to play his comedy puffs out, the Applicants of clay , he leaves Vladikavkaz in May 1921 and pérégrine between Bakou, Tiflis and Batoum, hesitating one moment to embark towards Constantinople, before leaving over the councils the poet Ossip Mandelstam for Moscow, at the end of September 1921.

Taken on October 1st in Lito of Moscow, it settles with his wife with 10, rue Bolchaïa- sadovaïa and writes several articles, which it has the greatest evil to place, because in particular of the censure. After the dissolution of Lito, on November 1st, 1921, it obtains a modest employment with the Torgovo-promychlenny Vestnik (“Mail Commercial and Industry”), independent newspaper which has been just based within the framework of NEP. It is only in 1922 qu ' it enters the literary world. After the disappearance of the Vestnik , in January (at the end of six numbers), it finds an employment in the leading services of a scientific committee and technique depending on the air force (at the beginning of February), then is engaged as journalist in an official body of the Communist party, Rabotchi (“the Workman”), directed by Nadejda Kroupskaïa the woman of Lénine. In the same way, in April, it enters in relation to Nakanounié (“With the day before”), body of the Russian emigration of the tendency “Change of stakes”, installed with Berlin, whose weekly literary supplement is directed by Alexeï Tolstoï, and is made engage as writer-reviser with the Goudok (“the Whistle”).

In May 1922 appears extraordinary Aventures of Doctor N. in the second number of the monthly magazine Roupor (“the Speaking pipe”). In the same way, Nakanounié publishes the first part of Notes on cuffs the June 18th, the Town of red stones the July 30th, the Aventures of Tchitchikov the September 24th (fantastic history which returns to the novel the dead Hearts of Gogol), the red Crown the October 22nd, the Night of the 2 to the 3 on December 10th, the first chapter of the Capital in scratch pad the December 21st and the cut of the life the December 31st. In the same way, in number 2 of December of Krasny newspaper dlia vsekh (“the Red Review for all”) appears the 13, Immeuble Elpit - working Commune . In addition, in its number 4 of December, the review Rossia (“Russia”) made appear Boulgakov in the list of his/her collaborators and, by letter dated from the December 29th, the drafting of Nakanounié invites it to collaborate regularly in the newspaper.

Between journalism and literature

During the years which follow, Boulgakov devotes a good portion of its work to be published in the press of the articles of variety and the accounts. With the Goudok , it becomes thus, in February 1923, the appointed author of the humorous accounts. Besides it ties there relations with other initial provincial writers. At the end of July, the almanac Vozrojdenié (“Rebirth”) publishes one second version of the first part of Notes on cuffs , but cannot obtain that the account is published in volume, because of the veto of the Censure. In September, it has tied friendly relations with Alexeï Tolstoï, returned for one month with Moscow, where it works with others to consolidate the movement “Change of stakes” in Soviet Union. During the autumn and the winter, Boulgakov becomes exhausted in work which he considers food, obligatory assiduity in the offices of the Goudok weighs to him, and the personalities gathered around Nakanounié start to inspire an anxious mistrust to him.

In January 1924, at the time of a reception where one celebrates the final return in Russia of the authors of the tendency “Change of stakes”, Boulgakov ties a idylle with Lioubov Evguenievna Bielozerskaïa, returned of Berlin with his/her Vassilevski-Niéboukva companion. At the beginning of this year, he manages to put texts in other periodicals that Goudok and Nakanounié . At the end of February or at the beginning of March, the news Endiablade appears in number 4 of Niedra , that its director-founder, Nikolaï Angarski, met towards mid-October 1923, had accepted without hesitating. She is noticed by Zamiatine which in fact a definitely favorable criticism. In the same way, the news the Blazing inferno of the khan is published in February in number 2 of Krasny newspaper . the Island crimson appears on April 20th in Nakanounié . In August 1924, Boulgakov and Tatiana Lappa change housing in the same building; they occupy from now on a part in apartment 34. In September, Boulgakov finds the first housing where to cohabit with L.E. Bielozerskaïa, with which it settles, at the beginning of November, to the 9, crosses Tchisty (ex-Oboukhov). They marry the April 30th 1925.

In December appears finally, afterwards many difficulties, because considered to be too favorable to the cause of the White, in number 4 of Rossia the first third (chapters I to VII) of the white Guard , novel on the civil war. The second part (chapters VIII to XIII) will appear in number 5, at the end of April 1925, and the third part (chapters XIV to XIX) must appear in number 6. But the review ceases appearing, at the end of October 1925, whereas the third part was still not paid in Boulgakov and that the editor did not return the manuscript to him. This one to him will be restored only in May 1926. During the year 1925, Boulgakov publishes in Krasnaïa Niva (“Glèbe Rouge”) a new autobiographical account , Bohemian the , on January 4th and writes the news Cœur of dog (which he will never manage to publish). At the end of July, a collection of new heading Endiablade appears with Moscow, but volume is confiscated by Glavlit and is withdrawn from the bookstores during the summer.

Theater and censures

The same year, it begins an adaptation of its novel the white Guard for the Théâtre of art of Stanislavski, with which it has difficult negotiations in October. The March 26th 1926, it makes read the first two modified acts of the white Guard with Stanislavski, which accommodates them favorably. On the other hand, by a letter of the May 19th, it informs the Théâtre of art which it refuses categorically the important cuts that this one wants to bring to its text. Finally presented to the press the June 24th, the part unchains the aggressiveness of criticisms of left Blum and Orlinski against Boulgakov, which make defer the part and overpower the author of heinous charges in many articles and public debates. The repetitions of the white Guard , renamed the Days of Tourbine the September 10th, begin again finally, after many rehandlings, enters at the end of August and September. The general one takes place the October 2nd, followed by a debate where Anatoli Lounatcharski, Commissaire of the People to Education and the Culture (Narkompros), and Vladimir Maïakovski, although very critics on the ideological level for one, about the Théâtre of art for the other, come to a conclusion in favor of the authorization, while Orlinski considers the part politically inadmissible. The representations begin the October 5th, with a great public success. To the hostility of criticisms of left, however, is added that of the playwrights and directors of avant-garde (Meyerhold, Maïakovski, Taïrov) or jealous (Vladimir Bill-Bielotserkovski). Even if the polemic dies out soon, the part is withdrawn from the repertory the September 15th 1927, and one needs an intervention of Stanislavski and Lounatcharski so that the Politburo raises the October 10th this measurement.

In the same way, as from September 1925, he works on the Apartment of Zoïka for the Vakhtangov theater, of which he gives reading the January 11th 1926 (it is accommodated with enthusiasm). After a first general repetition, the April 24th, it is required of him to alter the part. Invited with Krioukovo in July, it remelts the comedy in three acts. Authorized the October 21st, the representations begin the 28, in a version still amended at the request of the theater and censure. In addition, the November 10th, prohibited Narkompros to give the part in province, prohibition which will be finally raised seven days afterwards. Although very criticized by the press, she is played successfully Moscow, Leningrad and other cities.

Moreover, as from January 1926, he works with an adaptation of his news the Island crimson for the Theater of room of Moscow, which evolves/moves, towards the end of the year, after the polemic which surrounded the Days of Tourbine in a comedy-lampoon where he turns in derision his detractors. The manuscript is given the March 4th 1927. Authorized by Glavrepertkom the September 26th 1928, under the condition of some cuts, first takes place the December 11th. At once, a press campaign is assembled to obtain its prohibition. the Island crimson will all the same be played until June 1929.

In parallel, it publishes Snowstorm , account subtitles “Notebooks of a young doctor” the 18 and January 25th 1926, Ténèbres on the country of Egypt , presented as a “extract of the book in preparation Carnets of a young doctor ” the 20 and July 27th, the spangled eruption the 12 and August 19th, the Towel with the cock the 12 and September 18th, the Eye votalized , subtitle “Notebooks of a young doctor” the 2 and October 12th, the account I killed the 8 and December 12th, all in the review Meditsinski rabotnik (“the medical Worker”), and a new edition of the collection Endiablade , with the authorization of Glavlit, at the end of April, at Niedra . In August 1926, it can finally leave the Goudok .

However, the May 7th 1926, the apartment of Boulgakov is searched by the Oguépéou, whose agents carry the manuscript of Cœur of dog (in two specimens) and three books of a diary of Boulgakov (covering the years 1923 and 1924, which will be restored with their owner only in October 1929. Starting from this date, Boulgakov will not hold any more a newspaper. In the same way, the September 22nd, it is questioned by the Oguépéou on the reasons for which it is not interested, as writer, with the peasants and the workmen, and on his negative vision of the Soviet life. She questions it again the November 18th, for reasons which are unknown for us.

At the beginning of 1927 with Rīga a pirate edition of appears the white Guard with third distorts part rewritten according to the groundwork of the Jours of Tourbine . During this time, the various projects of edition in Russia fail the ones after the others. In December 1927, an edition in volume, authorized by the author, corresponding chapters published in numbers 4 and 5 of Rossia , appears with the Concorde editions; it has as a title the Days of Tourbine (white Guard) . Volume II (chapters XII to XX) will appear in 1929 in an edition declared by the author “final” (whereas Boulgakov had thought at the origin with a trilogy), with a outcome largely modified compared to the version of 1925 (tests of Rossia ). The same year appears in Meditsinski rabotnik the account Morphine the 9, 17 and December 23rd. It is last integral publication of a work of Boulgakov.

At the end of 1926, Boulgakov launches out in the writing of a new part on the civil war, entitled initially the Knight of Serafima (“bet Them”) and which will become the Escape . A first reading takes place the January 2nd 1928 with the Théâtre of art, in the presence of Stanislavski. But the part is prohibited with Moscow, the May 9th. In August, a theater of Odessa proposes all the same to make play the part, but Glavrepertkom makes announce by the Pravda its prohibition the October 24th. The January 31st 1929, after the Bill-Bielotserkovski playwright asked by letter Stalin to come to a conclusion about the Escape , the Politburo ratifies its prohibition, and, in its answer to Bill-Bielotserkovski, signed the February 2nd and diffused at once in the theatrical mediums, critical Stalin hard the Escape , the Days of Tourbine (which he however already saw several times) and the Island crimson . The March 6th, Glavrepertkom makes appear in Vetcherniaïa Moskva (“Moscow-Evening”) the prohibition of all the theater of Boulgakov. The March 17th takes place the 198e and last representation of the Apartment of Zoïka (already prohibited in November 1927 and April 1928) to the Vakhtangov theater. In April, the Days of Tourbine are withdrawn from the repertory of the Théâtre of art. Lastly, at the beginning of June is played the last of the Island crimson with the Theater of room. To conclude, the December 7th 1929, the Union of the playwrights notifies officially the prohibition of the first four parts of Boulgakov.

Interdict of living of its trade of writer, Boulgakov addresses to Stalin, the beginning of July 1929, a request in which he asks for the authorization of leave, with his wife, the U.S.S.R. In a letter with his Nikolaï brother (who emigrated at the end of the civil war) dated from the August 24th, he speaks about his “destruction as a writer”. The September 3rd, for lack of answer, it writes with Enoukidzé and Gorki to request them to support it. At the same time, Zamiatine takes steps, via Gorki, to obtain the authorization to emigrate.

However, the February 28th 1929, Boulgakov makes the meeting of Elena Sergueïevna Chilovskaïa, wife of a senior officer general staff and mother of two children; they éprennent one of the other immediately. She will be his third wife and the model of Marguerite in the Master and Marguerite . The same day, the Oguépéou records information according to which Boulgakov would have undertaken a new novel. It is about a “novel on the devil”, which was conceived in 1928, and whose Boulgakov began the drafting with the beginning of the year. During the summer, Elena Sergueïevna leaves in cure to Essentouki, and it exchanges with Boulgakov of the love letters. In the same way, he writes an account unfinished, gone back to September 1929 and dedicated to Elena Sergueïevna, entitled With my secret friend . Other works are written, during this crucial year: first chapters (destroyed later on) of a novel entitled the Theater and a first version of the part of anticipation Bliss .

In October 1929, Boulgakov begins a part on Molière, the Cabal of the excessively pious people for the Théâtre of art, to replace the Escape . The first drafting is completed the December 6th. Presented at the beginning of 1930, it is in its prohibited turn, in March, by Glavrepertkom.

In front of this decision, the March 28th 1930, Boulgakov sends to the government the U.S.S.R. a long letter where he declares, inter alia things, to have thrown to fire three works which he had in building site, “the draft of a novel on the devil, that of a comedy and the beginning of a second novel, the Theater ”, and request either that one provides him an employment in connection with the theater, or to act with him “as he will hear it, but to act in one way or another”. In answer, it obtains, the April 3rd, an use of consultant to the TRAM (Theater of working youth) and, the 18, shortly after the suicide of Maïakovski, Stalin calls it telephonically. Taken of short, Boulgakov chooses not the emigration, but an employment with the Théâtre of art. A ticket of Boulgakov with Stalin, dated from the May 5th, will remain, him, without answer. The May 10th, it is engaged with the Théâtre of art as assistant-setter in scene.

Thereafter, he will write several letter directly with Stalin, for him or friends (because one thinks that he with the ear of the dictator), without answer. With the wire of these letters, the writer loses sight of the fact more and more the personality of that with which it writes. In this contact, it finds the relations between Molière and Louis XIV or between Pouchkine and Nicolas I {{er}}, which it will describe in his last parts, i.e. relations between the artist and the capacity (which can protect the first of its enemies or overpower it its power).

The writer and capacity

As of his entry with the Theater of art, where only the fear of the reactions of the capacity had prevented from approving the application of Boulgakov, the writer launches out in a scenic adaptation of the novel of his “Master” Gogol, the dead Hearts . After the rejection of a first version, the July 7th 1930, it writes one second version, read the October 31st, itself remelted in November to take account of the objections of the Theater. The repetitions begin the December 2nd, but the Théâtre of art, always dissatisfied of the text, requires of him to modify its structure deeply. First the November 28th 1932 takes place.

In same time, it writes a part for the red Theater of Leningrad and the Vakhtangov theater of Moscow, Adam and Eva , which it completes the August 22nd 1931. With Moscow, the part is refused, at the request of the Alknis general, chief of staff of the Air force under pretext that one sees there represented the destruction of Leningrad. For the red theater, he does not manage to obtain the downstream of the local censure, and the part is not finally played.

However, in spring 1931, Boulgakov resumes by jolts its work on its “novel on the devil”. In the same way, after introduction of the required modifications, and on the intervention of Gorki, Glavrepertkom authorizes finally, the October 6th 1931, the part Molière (new name of the Cabal of the excessively pious people ), which must be played by the Large dramatic Theater of Leningrad. This one denouncing the contract two weeks before the date envisaged by the first, the March 14th, the part is entrusted to the Théâtre of art, which puts it in repetitions the March 31st, and this, until their interruption, the November 25th 1932. In addition, in September, 1931, it launches out in the scenic adaptation of the War and Peace of Tolstoï for the Large dramatic Theater of Leningrad. Completed the February 25th 1932, this adaptation will never be played.

On the sentimental level, the great love between Boulgakov and Elena Sergueïevna know difficult moments with the autumn and the winter 1930, this one not being able to be solved to break its family. At the end of December - at the beginning of January 1931, they spend a few days together in a convalescent home close to Moscow. The February 25th, threatened by her husband to be separate of his children, it finally decides to break their connection.

Abruptly, the January 15th 1932, Boulgakov is informed by the Théâtre of art of the nearest recovery of the Jours of Tourbine , on personal decision of Stalin. The December 24th 1931, after having attended a private representation of the part of Alexandre Afinoguenov, the Fear , which had displeased to him, it had said to the persons in charge of the theater: “You have a good part, the Days of Tourbine ; why it played isn't? ” Begun again the February 18th, the part will be registered permanently with the Théâtre of art and will be played in round in several provincial towns.

In July 1932, Boulgakov signs with the Jourgaz editions a contract for a Vie of Molière which must appear at the beginning of 1933 in the collection “Lives of remarkable men” (founded by Gorki) and with the Zavadski studio-theater a contract for a translation of the Bourgeois gentleman of Molière; instead of a translation, Boulgakov will write to Extravagant Mr. the Jordan , free adaptation of several parts of Molière. Finished the November 18th and sent at once to the theater Zavadski, it will never be played. For the Life of Molière , it completes it and gives it to the editor on March 5th, 1933. However, the editor asks him for a complete recasting of the work, which he refuses categorically, on April 12th. The work will not have been published of alive sound.

In the neighborhoods of on September 1st 1932, Boulgakov and Elena Sergueïevna join again and decide to be left more; after an exchange of letters and a stormy interview with Chilovski, armed with a gun, this one agrees to divorce: it will keep his Evgueni oldest son, while the junior, Sergueï, then 5 years old, will live with his mother. The divorce of Boulgakov and Lioubov Evguenievna Bielozerskaïa is marked the October 3rd, and, the following day, it makes record its marriage with Elena Sergueïevna. 15 with the October 28th, they remain together with Leningrad, where boulgakov has discussions with several theaters likely to give the dead Hearts and the Escape , and Boulgakov takes again the beginning its “novel on the devil” (drafting which it will continue by jolts until October 1934). At the end of October, Elena Sergueïevna and its Sergueï son settle at Boulgakov, street Bolchaïa Pirogovskaïa.

In March 1933, the Escape is put in repetitions at the Théâtre of art, with the introduction in June of the changes required by Glavrepertkom, but the Théâtre of art decides, the November 29th to exclude it from the program of the repetitions. As from May 1933, Boulgakov works with Béatitude for the variety of Leningrad. The first drafting is completed the March 28th 1934, the second the April 11th, the third deposited with the theater the April 23rd. The project will be definitively abandoned at the beginning of July 1934. The December 9th, it receives its first and only role of actor to the Théâtre of art, that of the judge in the adapted comedy of the novel of Dickens posthumous Papers of Pickwick Club (which it will play until end of the year 1935). Between March and August 1934, it attempts to adapt the dead Hearts in scenario for the Soïouzfilm studios, which accepts it the August 12th, before sending it for corrections the September 15th, before rejecting it the November 27th.

The February 18th 1934, Boulgakov moves in a new housing of three parts with 3, rue Nachtchokinski bridging piece, in a co-operative building writers. In the current of March, in visit with the Theater of art, Stalin enquiert of Boulgakov and declares that the Days of Tourbine is the best spectacle of the repertory.

From December 1934, Boulgakov is as devoted to the drafting of Alexandre Pouchkine , a part over the last days of the Russian great writer as it coécrit initially with its elder and friendly Veressaïev, large specialist in Pouchkine. However, in dissension on the work, one reacting as a historian, the other as a writer, Veressaïev withdraws project, and Boulgakov finishes only the work, in September 1935. Presented before the management committee of the Bolchoï the January 6th 1936, proposed with various theaters, the part is initially victim of the censure, before Glavrepertkom does not authorize it definitively, the June 26th 1939. The first will take place the April 10th 1943. However, Prokofiev, in October 1935, then Chostakovitch, in January 1936, propose to him to compose an opera according to the part, project which will not be carried out. In the same way, at the end of November 1934, it begins Ivan Vassilievitch , a part of anticipation around the character of Ivan the Terrible, completed the September 30th 1935. Given to the Theater of the satire the October 7th, the comedy undergoes the 11 and May 13rd 1936 of the intentionally bâclées general representations and is withdrawn from the poster.

In same time, it writes a translation of the Miserly one of Molière for the Academia editions of Leningrad, realized between November 1935 and January 1936. For the Theater of art, he writes an adaptation of the Joyeuses gossips of Windsor of Shakespeare for the Theater of art, during spring and the summer 1936. But, in front of the directives of the direction on this part and its Molière , it gives up the drafting, then gives its resignation of the theater the September 15th 1936. October 1st, it is engaged as librettist-consultant with the Bolchoï, for which it will carry out the booklet opera Minine and Pojarski , on a music of Boris Assafiev in the summer 1936; the booklet of Black Sea , opera on the battle of Perekop (1920), between October 1936 and March 1937; the booklet of the opera Pierre Large the between June and September 1937; an adaptation of the news of Maupassant Miss Fifi (entitled Rachel ) between September 1938 and March 1939. In addition, a scenic adaptation of Don Quichotte is written for the Vakhtangov theater between December 1937 and September 1938.

The July 6th 1936, Boulgakov opens a new book of additions to its novel, called to become the Master and Marguerite . In the same way, between November 1936 and September-October 1937, he works with another novel, Mémoires of late a ( theatrical Roman ), that he will leave unfinished. The winter and spring 1938 are primarily devoted to the Maître and Marguerite (whose title appears for the first time the October 23rd in the newspaper of Elena Sergueïevna). The last handwritten drafting is completed in the night of the 22 to the May 23rd 1938, before being typed under the dictation of the author. After which it launches out in a new drafting of the novel. The May 2nd, it makes some read the first three chapters with the Angarski editor, who declares it unpublishable. It does not continue of it less the revision until April 1939. Between the April 27th and the May 15th, it reads in several meetings the entirety of the Maître and Marguerite in front of a circle of friends. For that, he works at the beginning of May, until the 14, on the épilogue.
During the year 1939, after a long visit of Markov and Vilenkine, delegated by the Theater of art, in the night of the 9 to the September 10th 1938, it works with a part on Stalin, Batoum , which will be given the July 25th. The August 14th 1939, a delegation of the Theater of art including Boulgakov and his wife leaves in location in Georgia, but, the 17, they are informed of the veto imposed on the part by Stalin and return to Moscow.

At the end of 1939, the state health of Boulgakov, for a long time of poorest, worsens. The September 11th, it knows a worrying fall of the sight. The consulted specialists confirm soon the diagnosis of néphro-angiosclérose, the disease which had carried his/her father. The October 10th, Boulgakov signs in front of notary a will in favor of his wife, then, the 14, a letter entrusting the management of its literary inheritance to him. At the time of a stay in a convalescent home in Barvikha, close to Moscow, he knows a momentary improvement and finds the sight, just as the January 13rd 1940. The January 25th, it makes its last exit. The February 13rd, it still dictates with his wife some corrections for the Master and Marguerite (whom it works over again since the October 4th 1939). During its disease, and until the beginning of March, it receives the visit of Anna Akhmatova and Nikolaï Liamine (clandestinely, because they are prohibited of stay with Moscow). The March 10th, in 16:39, it dies, after a few hours of suffering. Two days later, its body is incinerated and deposited in a ballot box with the Cimetière of Novodevitchi.

The posterity

Between 1940 and 1941, Don Quichotte is given to Moscow and in several provincial towns, before being begun again with the Vakhtangov theater. In 1955, two years after the death of Stalin, a collection Mr. Boulgakov appears. Days of Tourbine, “Last days” ( Alexandre Pouchkine ), first publication of these two parts. the Escape is played for the first time at Stalingrad the March 26th 1957. In 1958, it is with the turn of three accounts of Carnets of a young doctor to be published. In 1962 are published the Life of Mr. de Molière (largely censured) and Mr. Boulgakov. Theater , including/understanding for the first time the Escape and the Cabal of the excessively pious people . In 1963 appears the collection Carnets of a young doctor (six accounts). In 1965, the collection Mr. Boulgakov appears. A drama and comedies , including/understanding the first publication of Ivan Vassilievitch in volume and Memories of late a ( Romance theatrical ) in review. For the Master and Marguerite , his major work, which had been the subject of so many rewritings, the Russia discover it (in a version very largely censured) in number 11 of December 1966 and number 1 of January 1967 of the review Moskva (“Moscow”). The first not censured version will appear with Frankfurt, in Germany, 1969. In Russia, it will be necessary to wait until 1973.

The first edition of the Works of Boulgakov , in their major part, if not their totality, appears in five volumes in Moscow in 1989-1990, during the Perestroïka. Since, they do not cease growing rich progressively by the republications. Between 1989 and 1994, appears the first complete edition of the Théâtre of Boulgakov in two volumes with Leningrad (become again meanwhile Saint-Pétersbourg).

At present, that which pained so much to be accepted of alive sound, became one of the writers most read Russia, and its prose is translated in many languages. For proof, a complete edition of its works left to the Bibliothèque the Pleiad in two volumes.

Works

Novels

News

  • Notes on cuffs
  • Bohemian the
  • Endiablade
  • the Eggs of the destiny
  • Cœur of dog ( Собачьесердце )
  • Carnets of a young doctor (including/understanding the steel throat, the Towel with the cock , Baptism of the version , the Snowstorm , Darkness on the country of Egypt , the spangled Eruption , the Eye votalized )
  • I killed
  • the fire of the khan Tougaï
  • The raid
  • the red crown
  • Psalm
  • Morphine
  • Articles of variety and accounts published in the Soviet press of 1919 to 1927

Theater

  • Days of Tourbine
  • the Apartment of Zoïka
  • the Island crimson
  • the Escape
  • Adam and Eva
  • Bliss
  • Alexandre Pouchkine
  • the Cabal of the excessively pious people
  • Ivan Vassilievitch
  • Batoum

Related articles

Sources

  • Mikhaïl Boulgakov, white Guard - News, accounts, articles of variety, volume 1 of the Works , Gallimard editions, Library of the Pleiad, 1997. Edition published under the direction of Francoise Flamingo with the collaboration of Edith Scherrer, introduction of Francoise Flamingo.
  • Mikhaïl Boulgakov, the Master and Marguerite and other novels , volume 2 of the Works , Gallimard editions, Library of the Pleiad, 2004. Edition published under the direction of Jean-Louis Chavarot and Francoise Flamingo with the collaboration of Christiane Rouquet and Edith Scherrer.

On Boulgakov

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