Mihai Eminescu (Rumanian delivery in : /mi ' haj emi' nesku/ ), of its true German name in : Michael Eminovicz , in Rumanian: Mihai Eminovici , (January 15th 1850 - June 15th 1889), is the romantic poet, most famous of Romania and République of Moldavie.
Its most known poems are Luceafărul ( Hypérion ) - Lucifer, Odă in metru antic ( Ode into metric old ), and the 5 Scrisori ( Épîtres ). Eminescu was an active member of the literary company Junimea , and worked as editor with the Timpul , the official journal of the Conservative party.
At the 19th century, the line had liked its opinions very preserving and nationalist but never adopted it because of the fact that he said not to be Christian. Later, the Communists drew aside it from the start by regarding it as too mystical and middle-class but after one decade it was suddenly adopted at the point to become the largest Rumanian poet of all times. The discovery of one of its poems entitled " Emperor and prolétaire" this radical change of position caused, but this poem was then not taken again like its most important.
Biography
Its family
His/her father is Georg Eminovicz of Călineşti, a village of Bucovine in the north of the Romania, which belongs since 1775 to the Austria-Hungary until 1918. He fixes himself at Botoşani and marries Raluca Iurăscu, girl of a Stolnic.
Its years of childhood
Mihail (as indicated in the register of baptism) or Mihai (Rumanian form) was born with Botoşani, seventh child among eleven. He spends his first years to Botoşani and Ipoteşti, in the house of family of his parents. From 1858 with 1866 it goes to the elementary school of Czernowitz. He attends the Imperial and Royal Lycée of Czernowitz, and is colleague of Johann Menga. He has as professor of Rumanian literature Aron Pumnul, a figure of the revolutionary years of 1848.The vocation of writer of Eminescu appears in 1866. In January, its professor Aron Pumnul dies, and the pupils of the college of Czernowitz publish a lampoon, Lăcrămioarele învăţăceilor gimnaziaşti ( tears of the pupils of the college ) in lequelle is a poem entitled the mormântul him Aron Pumnul ( With the burial of Aron Pumnul ) signed " Mr. Eminoviciu". February 25th, its poem With-aş avea ( If I had ) is published in Pest in the literary magazine of Iosif Vulcan Familia . It is the beginning of a continuous series of poems published (with their occasional translation since the German ]). It is also Iosif Vulcan, which does not like the Slavic origin suffix " - cz " name of the young poet, who chooses for him the Rumanian pen name of Mihai Eminescu .
In 1867, it joined at 17 years the troop of Iorgu Caragiale as secretary and blower; the following year, it joined the troop of Mihai Pascaly, which includes/understands Matei Millo and Fanny Tardini-Vlădicescu. It settles soon with Bucharest, where he becomes at the end of November secretary and copyist for the Rumanian National theater. During this period, it continues to write and publish poems. It pays also its rent by translating hundreds of pages of a book of Enric Theodor Rotscher, but this forever completed work. It begins also at that time its novel Geniu pustiu ( Génie wasted ), published in a posthumous way in 1904 pennies an unfinished form.
April 1st 1869, he is the cofounder of the literary circle " Orient" , whose interests include the documentation in connection with the Rumanian literary history. The June 29th, various members of the " group; Orient" are missionnés to go in various provinces of the country. Eminescu chooses the Moldavie. This summer, it meets by chance his Iorgu brother, who is military officer, in the gardens of Cişmigiu, but it firmly refuses the offer of Iorgu to renew contact with its family.
It already left the troop of Pascaly when it leaves for Czernowitz and Iaşi. It joins again with its family and his/her father promises to him to help it so that it can continue studies with Vienna. As always, it continues to write and publish poetry; in particular, at the time of the death of the former sovereign of Munténie, Bearded Dimitrie Ştirbei, it publishes a layer, the moartea principelui Ştirbei .
Junimea
From October 1869 with 1872, it studies in Vienna. It émarge like " listener extraordinaire" with the Faculty of Philosophy and Right. It is active in its life coed, binds friendship with Ioan Slavici, and has suddenly known Vienna thanks to Veronica Micle; he becomes contributor with Convorbiri literare ( literary Conversations ), published by Junimea (of the Roman june - " jeune"). The leaders of this cultural organization, Petre P. Carp, Vasile Pogor, Theodor Rosetti, Iacob Negruzzi and Titu Maiorescu, will exert their political and cultural influence on Eminescu for the remainder of its life. Impressed by one of the poems of Eminescu, Venerates şi Madonă ( Venus and Madone ), Iacob Negruzzi, the editor of the Convorbiri literare , voyage to Vienna to meet it. Negruzzi will write later how it immediately identified Eminescu in the crowd of young people in a coffee Viennese by his appearance " romantique" : long hair and the glance lost in its thoughts.In 1870 Eminescu writes three articles under the pseudonym of " Varro" in Federaţiunea in Pest, with like subject the situation of the Rumanian and other minorities in the Empire Austro-Hungarian. He becomes journalist for the newspaper Albina in Pest. Of 1872 with 1874 it continues to study with Berlin, thanks to one dispatch offered by Junimea.
Of 1874 with 1877 he is director of the Central Library of Iaşi, replacing professor, school inspector in the judete (departments) of Iaşi and Vaslui, and editor of the newspaper Curierul de Iaşi ( Mail of Iaşi ), thanks to its friendship with Titu Maiorescu, the chief of Junimea and vice-chancellor of the University of Iaşi. It continues to publish in Convorbiri literare . It becomes a good friend of Ion Creangă, which it convinces to write and which it introduces into the literary club Junimea.
In 1877 it leaves for Bucharest, where he is initially editor until in 1883, and editor-in-chief of the newspaper Timpul ( Time ). At that time, it writes Scrisorile , Luceafărul , Odă in metru antic etc majority of these works leading, very known, belong to this period, whereas the Romania fights against the Ottoman Empire in the Russo-Turkish Guerre (1877-1878) and plays a diplomatic game which finally will lead to the international recognition of Rumanian independence, but in the condition of drawing aside from the Rumanian citizenship all the Jewish. Eminescu is opposed to it, like with another clause Traité of Berlin (1878), that which obliges Romania to yield the Bessarabia south to Russia in exchange of the Dobroudja, an old Othoman province on the Black Sea.
In June 1883, the poet falls seriously sick, and is allowed at the hospital of Dr. Şuţu. In December 1883 appears its volume Poesii , with a selection of poems prefaced by Titu Maiorescu.
Years of disease
He suffers during his last years from maniaco-depressive psychosis. In 1883, in Romania, one diagnoses the Syphilis to him. George Călinescu wrote in the biography of the poet whom it had this disease since it had 20 years; another diagnosis, makes in Vienna the same year, mentions its depression but not the Syphilis. In 1884, it turns over to Romania, and appears overall in good health. From 1886, it receives some punctures of mercury, treatment usual of the Syphilis of the time.Eminescu dies in the hospital the June 15th 1889. Its autopsy is bâclée, and the precise reason of its death is not known in a clear way. It is buried in Bucharest with the Cimetière Bellu.
Its work
Nicolae Iorga, the Rumanian historian, regards Eminescu as the Rumanian godfather of the language E modern. It is celebrated unanimously like largest and the most representative Rumanian poet.
The poet
These poems cover a vast range of topics, nature and love with the history and the social comment. Its youths full with unconcern were evoked in later poems with a deep nostalgia. Eminescu was influenced by the work of Arthur Schopenhauer, and some suggested that its poem more known, " Luceafarul" , is based on an older German work or Katha Upanishad. The poems of Eminescu were translated in more than 60 languages.Its most important poems are:
-
Doina (the name indicates a type of Rumanian traditional song),
- Lacul ( the lake )
- Luceafărul ( Hypérion )
- Floare albastră ( blue Fleur )
- Dorinţa ( Désir )
- Seara EP deal ( Soir on the hill )
- O, rămii ( Oh, remains )
- Epigonii ( Épigones )
- Scrisori ( Lettres )
- If dacă ( And if ),
- Odă (in metru antic) ( Ode (into old metric) )
- May amndt a singur dor ( I have still only one desire )
The novelist
Prose:
-
Făt-Frumos DIN teiu ( Prince charming )
- Geniu pustiu ( Genius wasted )
- Sărmanul Dionis ( Poor Dionis )
- Cezara (first name, female of César)
Collected edition:
-
Poems and Prose off Mihai Eminescu (editor: Kurt W. Treptow, publication: Center Rumanian Studies of Iaşi, Oxford, and Portland, 2000, ISBN 9739432107) - in English
Genius
Eminescu was only 20 years old when Titu Maiorescu, the critic more with the fact of Romania in 1870 qualified it " poet réel" , in a test where only a handle of Rumanian poets of this time passed the screen of the sour criticism of Maiorescu. In the following decade, the fame of poet of Eminescu continued to grow thanks to:
- the way which had to enrich the literary language by words and sentences originating in all the areas of Romania, old texts, and new words that it borrowed from its philosophical readings
- the use of metaphors, which were rare in Rumanian poetry
- the fact that he was the first Rumanian writer to publish in all the Rumanian provinces and who was interested in the problems of the Rumanian of everywhere.
The national poet
He was soon proclaimed national Poète of Romania, not because he wrote at the time of a national revival, but rather because he was adopted like symbol by the Roumanians of all the provinces. Even today, he is regarded as the national poet of Romania, the République of Moldavie, and of the Roumanians who live in Ukraine.
A Rumanian icon
Eminescu is omnipresent in Romania of today. Its statues are everywhere. Its face is printed on the ticket of 1000 lei of 1998, and it is it on the ticket of 500 lei of 2005 (it is the highest value of ticket for new the leu); many schools and institutions bear its name. The birthdays of its birth and its death are celebrated each year in many Rumanian cities, and they were the object of national celebrations in 1989 (centenary of its death) and 2000 (sesquicentennial of its birth), which was proclaimed Année Eminescu in Romania.
Line
Because of its preserving nationalist sights, Eminescu was easily adopted like carry-flag by the Rumanian line. A major hurdle of this adoption was the fact that it never seemed having been Christian, but rather than it indistinctly used topics Buddhist, Christian, agnostic, and atheistic.
Left
After one decade when works of Eminescu were criticized like “mystics” and “middle-class women”, the Rumanian Communists ended up agreeing that it was the larger Rumanian poet. What opened the door with this perception was the poem Împărat şi proletar ( Empereur and proletarian ), that Eminescu wrote under the influence of the events of 1870-1871 in France, and which finishes in criticism in Schopenhauer of the human life. A expurgée version showed the only stanzas which could make pass Eminescu like a poet interested by the destiny of the proletarians.
The gun
Works of Eminescu are studied in each class of Romania. The majority of its best poems, just as some of its news are obligatory in the Rumanian schools. New books on its life and its work are published each year in Romania.
Repudiation
Some young Rumanian writers caused an enormous scandal when they wrote about them idea of demythification of Eminescu and went so far they rejettaient the recognition " officielle" of its work.
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