Miguel Primo de Rivera

Primo de Rivera Orbaneja is there a general and a Spanish Politician , (born with Jerez of Frontera, the January 8th 1870, and deceased in exile with Paris, the March 16th 1930). It directs the country of 1923 to 1930 under a mode of dictatorial inspiration with social claim.

Childhood and formation

Resulting from one of large the families of landowners of Andalusia, it counts in its ascent of the famous soldiers of which his/her uncle Fernando Primo de Rivera, hero of the last war Carliste governor of the Filipino and several times Minister for the war. Miguel is enlisted as of her 14 years and passes the major part of her career in colonial destinations (Morocco, Cuba, Filipino). This enables him to go up quickly in rank: as of 1912, he is general.

After 1919 it returns in the Iberian peninsula and is in contact with the social problems and policies of the time. He is general captain of Valence, Madrid and Barcelona. It is at the latter station, occupied in 1922 which he sees confronted with serious problems of law and order. Indeed, it must fight against the employers' militia, the anarchistic militia, inclinations Catalan separatists and compose with a political system in deliquescence.

The dictatorial mode of the Directory (1923 - 1930)

Spain being held with the variation of the World war, that was worth to him to grow rich and to develop. But it undergoes a military failure in July 1921, with the Bataille of Anoual in the Rif, with the insurrection of the chief Abd el-Krim. This humiliation will train the general of Catalogne to concretize its militarist, nationalist and authoritative ideals successfully while launching a Coup d'etat the September 13rd 1923. Two years later, in 1925, it will prohibit the Franc-maçonnerie.

It launches a Pronunciamento and finds supports easily. The Spanish constitution of 1876 is suspended, the dissolved Parliament and the founded dictatorship. At the beginning, the dictator has the support of King Alphonse XIII (which, resigned, invites it to form the government and gives him the full powerss) and of a good part of the opinion: nobody defends the preceding mode.

On the military level, after having signed an alliance with the French Army, it obtains rendering Abd el-Krim (1925 - 1926), this success in the war with the Morocco were worth a great prestige to him. Taking as a starting point the Italian Fascism, it organizes a sole party, the patriotic Union , and creates a supreme National Assembly , trained devoted men, having only one advisory role.

If the efforts of economic recovery and social give to the beginning some results, the social Corporatisme, hardly gives any him, in spite few initiatives original like the joint committees of arbitration of the social conflicts, to which Socialists as Francisco Largo Caballero agree to take part. As of 1927, the opposition becomes sharp in the mediums of businesses, and the provinces are rebellious with the centralizing tendencies of the mode. Moreover, the dictator suffers from a Diabète which weakens it more and more.

In 1928, noting the considerable benefit carried out by the sale of oil in Spain, it emits the claim to set up a Monopole State of the Carburant so that the profits any more will not enlarge the dividends of the shareholders or the intermediaries but fall into the escarcelle one of the State. It gives to Compañía Arrendataria (A.C. Mr. P.S.A.) the exploitation of the monopoly whose State will preserve 30% of the actions. This decision will involve economic retortions on behalf of the large oil trusts of the time, of which the Standard Oil and the Royal Dutch and the Shell. It will turn then paradoxically (being Anticommuniste) to the the USSR which will become the fuel leading vendor of Spain with a share of 40% of the oil consumed in the country.

Under the pressure of the King and in front of the disappearance of the support of the army for its opposition, Primo de Rivera withdraws in January 1930 and is exiled in Paris where he dies two months later.

His/her son Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera founded the Spanish Phalange.

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