the question of the unicity of the roots borrowed from the Persan , the Armenian and the Greek

The Persians roots, Armenian, Greek and Turkish, present in the language Rromani, testify to the migratory way of these populations originating in India. These loans being identical in all the European dialects of the rromani, it is not probable that small groups, arriving by successive waves and settling in various places adopted exactly the same vocabulary of these various languages. This group could thus be, before its arrival in Europe, only particularly compact. It was, moreover, being sufficiently many to have approximately generated a descent estimated today at 10 million people. However, at this time, only an army in conquest or an organized deportation could move such a population on such a long course. This event had not been able to pass unperceived in the texts of the time.

From India of north until the year 1000

the Ghaznévides

The sultan Mahmûd de Ghaznî dreams to embellish his Ghazni capital, but Coran prohibiting to reduce in slavery a Moslem, the progression of Islam will oblige it to get slaves more and more far. India is known for the knowledge to make its Jāti जाति or castes of artists and craftsmen. In 1018, one will bring back bag of Kanauj, one of the richest cities of India, fabulous spoils: hundreds of elephants, carriages filled with ruby and prisoners. 53000 townsmen of all castes or jatis - men, women and children - are off-set towards Kabul, from where some will be sold like slaves to merchants of the Khorassan.

the Seldjoukides

After the death of Mahmoud, in 1030, a confederation of Turkish tribes Oghouz, come from Transoxiane and carried out by the descendants of Seldjouk, soon will seize the power in the Khorassan. Seldjoukides are, like all the Turks, of the pastoral nomads. They raise sheep and horses, move in hordes with attachments and tents and traverse the steppes of Central Asia. The Turkish word ordo (French: " tente") the word " will give; horde" , the name of the language of the courses Moslem women of India, the Urdu - or “language of the military camp” - and in rromani, the word vurdon (French: " chariot").

the armies seldjoukides

Their armies are made up of riders of elite and infantrymen mainly slaves. These cities/fortresses moving, made up of several tens of thousands of men, women, children, herds and slaves, not counting far from 6 to 7 mountings per rider, require an organization without fault. Logistics: manufacture of the weapons, installation of the campings and care of the horses - is ensured by Indian military slaves. The competences, recognized until today at much Rroms, Sinté and Kalé, in the care of the horses were doubtless acquired with the service of the Turks since there were no horses in India. Seldjoukides, Islamized since Xe century, depend on the Sunnite Caliphate of Baghdad which is then under the pressure of the Bouyides Shiites. In 1055, using a powerful army made up of tribes Indian Turkmènes and slaves, they release the Caliph. This one gives to their Togrul-Beg chief the title of Sultan. Becoming guaranteeing orthodoxy sunnite, its mission will be to conquer Cairo where reign the Fatimides Shiites.

They attack the Arménie and its capital Ani in 1064, involving the escape of the Arménie NS towards the south of the Taurus mounts, in Cilicie, where they will found the Petite Arménie. The frequent incursions and plunderings of the Turkmènes tribes in Anatolia near worry the Roman Emperor of the East, Romain Diogène. This one will mass 200.000 men on the Byzantine side against 50.000 on the Seldjoukide side: they will clash with the Bataille of Manzikert in August 1071. Against any waiting, it is Seldjoukides which carry it. The emperor is captured and its release will be negotiated against the installation of the Turks (Indian Seldjoukides, Turkmènes and slaves) in Anatolia. In 1086, Nicée becomes their capital. These events will move the Christians by occident who undertake their first crusade and expelling the Turks of Nicée in 1097.

Year 1000 with the emancipation

Sédentarisation of the Turks in Minor Asia

Seldjoukides are folded up in the East of Anatolia and found the Sultanate of Roum (rum = taken to the Romans). They are sédentarisent in the cities and are made build thousands of palate and imposing buildings while the tribes Turkmènes and Oghouz are uncontrolled continue to live under the tent with the periphery of the sultanate transforming the grounds cultivated into steppes for their herds. Seldjoukides, Turkmènes and Rroms do not represent more than 10% of the population of Anatolia mainly made up of Greeks and Armenians.

The trade and the craft industry develop. Roads, caravanserais are built. The Sultanate becomes one of the richest areas of the time and this opulence is due partly to the work of Rroms which can exert part of their activity for their own account. Some of them have the possibility of paying their stamping, as authorizes it Coran, since they convert with Islam, but that remains the exception. Knowledge to make of a craftsman Indien slave being transmitted only inside its Jāti, and slaves available in Asia Mineure at the time (Tcherkesses, Slavons, Africans of the East) not having the same type of competences that these Indians, one can imagine consequently that one did not have any interest to encourage their stamping nor with more strong reason their massive conversion with Islam. An important cultural life and arts person will flower, contributing to the blooming of Persan, official language of the Sultanate, the common languages continuing to be the Greek and the Armenian. Seldjoukides will make of Anatolia the turntable of a flourishing trade of which they grant the maritime monopoly to the Vénitiens. The latter knew to benefit from the conflicts related to the events which shake the area, by in particular organizing the transport of the troops to the service of the crusades. They established strategic counters in the Aegean Sea and the sea Ionienne.

" Atsingani" and " Egyptiens" in the Venetian Counters - the " Small Egypte"

And it is precisely in these counters that Western pilgrims, on the way towards the Holy Land, notice for the first time the presence, in Candie in 1322, Nauplie and Modon in 1350 and in Corfou in 1386 of populations which one indicates under the term of Astingani (probable fusion between the old Turkish word " tschigan" : poor man and the Greek term of Atsinganos (Ατσίγγανος, which gave Tzigane, Zigeuner, Zingari, Ciganos, etc) indicating old a sect manichéenne. They are also called " Egyptiens". It could be that this mistake was born, on the one hand because of their physical type and, on the other hand, owing to the fact that they were Moslems, former freed Indian slaves (while arriving at the beginning of XVe century to Western Europe, the Dukes and Counts de Petite Egypt state to have been “Sarrasins” before being themselves made baptize). The areas where they settled of number (Peloponnese and Epire) were then baptized “Small Egypt”.

" Tchinganies" in the Ottoman Empire incipient

At the beginning of XIIIe century, the Mongols of Gengis Khan break on Transoxiane and Iran pushing of many Turkmènes tribes to take refuge at Seldjoukides which will grant small emirates to them to the periphery of the Sultanate of Roum where they are sédentarisent. One of these tribes, that of Osman, initially installed in the east of Anatolia, will be seen offering an emirate to the west, not far from Nicée. Osmanli speak only Turkish. Recently converted with Islam, they are animated heat of the combatants of the faith, which one calls the “Ghazis”.

Seldjoukides, under Mongolian protectorate since 1277 are weakened and in dynastic crisis. Osmanli soon will seize their chance. Federating the other Turkmènes emirates, they leave to the conquest what there remains Byzantine Empire. They put the foot in Europe in 1353, then to leave 1381 make control on all that there remains Sultanate of Roum. Four years later, in 1385,40 families of Atsingani will be given by Voïvode daN I to the monastery of Tismana in the Rumanian principality of Munténie. It is not excluded that they were captured in the Sultanate of Roum then resold by the Othomans with the Roumanians. They continue their progression in Europe and gain a decisive victory against the Serb ones in Kosovo in 1389. In 1453, they will take Constantinople which they will rename Istanbul. The Ottoman Empire was born. Astingani/Egyptiens is then already numerous in the empire with the service of its army.

The arrival of the first “Tziganes” in Balkans coincides with that of the Othomans. In Roumélie, i.e., the European part of the Ottoman Empire, the censuses attest as of XVe century of an important Tzigane presence. Many is employed in workshops of ammunition and in the army.

the Tatars

Whereas they were in liaison with the Turkish tribes Oghouz, in Transoxiane, of many groups of Rroms met the Mongolian at the 12th century, at the same time as Oghouz. At the time of Gengis-Khan and its successors, a vast wandering confederation is formed, made up of Mongols (the federator element), of Turkish-speaking Oghouz and Tatars, and of Rroms. The latter are put under the protection of Tatars of which they are at the same time the scouts, the stockbreeders of horses, the loggers, the carters, the blacksmiths, the travelling acrobats and the grave-diggers; in exchange, they are entitled to a share of the spoils taken on the sedentaries. From 1223, with Tatars, they arrive by north of the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea, to southernmost Russia and in the Rumanian Principalities. But as from 1330, Tatars ebb in front of the offensive of the princes and Voïvode S Russian, Lithuanian, Polish and Rumanian: Rroms seek new guards then (the more so as the sedentary peasants were hostile for them) and are sold to the princes, with the Boyard S and the monasteries: it is the beginning of the period of robie . " Esclaves" in the Rumanian Principalities

The first attesting document of their presence in the Rumanian Principalities is a deed of gift of 40 families of robs Tziganes with the Monastery of Tismana, on October 3rd, 1385, in Valachie. The robie is a statute translated into French and modern Rumanian by " esclavage" , but which is connected more with a feudal contract. The " rob" belonged certainly to its Master who could sell it, but itself could repurchase its freedom, and resell it elsewhere: therefore traditionally Rroms carry their gold on them, quite visible, in the form of collars, jewels or teeth, in order to show their solvency and their capacity to be repurchased. It is the mark of their dignity. In 1428, Prince Alexandre the Good fact gift of 31 Tziganes families to the Bistrita monastery in Moldavie. These Rumanian, vassal principalities the Othomans, enjoy their autonomy against payment of a tribute in Istanbul. The systematic purchase of almost all the Tziganes in " robie" , will allow them to answer this economic pressure. The Tziganes belong either to the Prince, or with the monasteries, or with the landowners: Boyards. The robs of the Prince are free of going and coming, but pay every year, a certain sum for this right. They practice all kinds of trades: travelling tradesmen, blacksmiths or let us maquignons. As for the monasteries and Boyards, they use their " robs" in the fields, as servants or foremen to make work the peasants serfs. They offer to some a training and stations of majordomo, accountants or teachers for their children. If the Master or the housewife is sterile, a Rrome young person or a Rrom young person will provide for perpetuation with the family, in all simplicity. " robs" can be given, bequeathed or sold with the biddings.

Abolition of slavery and migrations

Since 1848, student wire of Boyards in Paris and initiates with the spirit of the Lights by Victor Schoelcher, launch a free trade movement. This process will be done in several stages and will be completed in 1856. But Rroms thus émancipés are found in fact without protection vis-a-vis the sedentary peasants, always so hostile. Then begin an important wave of emigration of Rroms émancipés, followed by of Rroms of Transylvania and Hungary towards many countries of Europe. All these Rroms will be indistinctly called “Gipsies” or “Hungarian” in the majority of the regions where they arrive. Number of them will embark also at that time towards Americas.

Escape of " Small Egypte"

Former untouchable Indians known as " Atsigani" or " Egyptiens" , installed as craftsmen in the Venetian Counters and soldiers in the Byzantine Empire, are sometimes of former slaves of the Turks in escape, converts with Christianity to be freed. Those of them which had been Moslem are regarded as apostates by the Othomans and thus liable to the capital punishment. They does not remain to them any more that to flee in front of the Turkish advance. The ones will move towards north, stopping for some in what will become later Hungary whereas others continue more in north towards Germany, France and Flandres. Others cross the Adriatic towards the south of Italy.

Towards the Saint Worsens Romain Germanique

It is to the most powerful men of Christendom that the refugees, being presented in the form of Ducs and Counts de Petite Egypt, ask for protection. Sigismond, king de Bohême and Germanic Roman Emperor grant safe-conduits to them (from where the word of " Bohémien") The Pope Martin V, in a pontifical bubble dated December 14th, 1423, recommends warm welcome of the Duke Andre and his continuation. Old Buckwheats, i.e. Moslem, recently baptized, the pope would have recommended to them to make penitence during 7 years “without sleeping in lict”. But this 7 years pilgrimage is prolonged and these people, supposedly of passage, last for ever. It is true that they cannot turn over any more in the areas from where they come, now under Othoman domination. Having abjured Islam, they are there apostates, therefore liable to the capital punishment. It is understood that they will not leave any more and they quickly become undesirable. End of XVe century at the XVIIIe century, the multitude of the small Germanic states will promulgate not less than 148 laws of expulsion. One goes even until organizing manhunts. They circulate from one city to another, from one kingdom to another, hiding in wood, living sometimes of plunders and menus larcenies. They are tolerated, here or there, but often hardly more than two or three days. This policy of “maintenance moving” will force them with the itinérance. They are the ancestors of Sinté/Manus.

Towards the Iberian peninsula

The first wave of refugees arrives at Saragossa, on May 8th, 1425. King Alphonse d' Aragon, gives to Noble Joan de Petite Egypt which has just crossed the Pyrenees, a letter of protection written as a Catalan. Word " Egiptano" " will derive; Gitano" then " Gitan".

At the end of XVe century, the union of Isabelle de Castille and Ferdinand d' Aragon will make of Spain powerful Royaume in which are integrated the south of Italy, Sicily and Sardinia where refugees of " were; Small Egypte" who had crossed the Adriatic at the time of the battle of Kosovo, in 1389. Those arrive by Génois boats and say Greek captains and knights. These events are contemporary conquest of the Moslem Kingdom of Grenade by the catholic Kings. The latter will carry out without delaying a policy of forced assimilation, initially against the Jews, then Moslems, the Morisques, and of all those which present characteristics. In 1499, a law will be enacted for submission to those which one calls from now on the Gipsies. They have sixty days to set some share and to exert a recognized trade. If not, they must leave the kingdom. It is only the first of a series of laws which will prohibit to them, in turn, to speak their language, to carry a distinctive costume, to practice their trades and to move away from their place of residence. Gipsies spontaneously settled and integrated well in Andalusia. They occupy of the vacant offices left by Morisques becoming masons, butchers, bakers or shoe-makers… Men will be useful in the army of Flandres which also forms part of the kingdom of Spain. They will be called the Flemings, “Flamencos”, name which will extend in Andalusia with the Gipsies in general and with their music: the Flamenco. Tziganes known as " Captains grecs" will emigrate towards Portugal which in full colonial expansion, and in the need for populating its grounds octoyées by the Traité of Tordesillas, will off-set them towards Angola or Goa, then massively towards Brazil.