Melamed
The melamed or Melammed (Hebrew מלמד, teacher), already mentioned in the Hebraic Bible is teaching or tutor, exempting or not religious teaching, then, at the time ic Talmud, becomes almost exclusively a tutor or teacher of children; the word is often followed of tinokot (infants, children) and has an equivalent araméen, “ makre dardeke . ”
The melamed is at that time indicated by the community, and the number of the children whom it can inform been the object of regulations, as well as the manner of instituting or to dislocate the applicants with this role. If it were sick and in the incapacity to exert, this absence was deduced from its pledges.
It was interdict with the melamed to punish its pupils too severely; it was to teach the day and partly the night. It could neither let its pupils without monitoring nor neglect his task; it was to be pious and include/understand its vocation. Only a married man could be melamed .
In addition to these regulations, many others are in Yore De' has 246 and Hoshen Mishpat, but they had fallen in disuse.
In general, the wages of a melamed were thin, and it often carried out an extremely frugal life.
Various types of teachers
A distinction was made between the melamed of village and the private tutor, the tutor in residence compared to the tutor in his own house, i.e. main of a Heder .In the same way, one differentiated the melamed dardeki from the melamed will gemara : the first taught with the children the rudiments of reading and writing of Hebrew and Torah, and generally had one or more assistants ( behelfer in German). The other on the contrary dealt with inculcating the Tanakh and the Talmud like, later, the Choulhan Aroukh.
Other uses of the term
In Russia and Poland, the trade of melamed being badly remunerated and often falling to individuals unable to exert other trades, it acquired the direction illustrated of “good-with-nothing” or “idiot. ”Contrary, the term is considered with large respect by the Karaïte S, being equivalent under Rabbin (étymologiquement, “great” knowledge, therefore “main”) at the Rabbanite S. Consequently, of many scholars are called “hamelammed hagadol” (the large Master), even simply “hamelammed” (the Master.
Melamed like patronym
Melamed , which indicated the profession of the éponyme, was applied like patronym, mainly in Poland and Russia, and also gave derived names; of which Malamud , Malmuth or Malamuth .; Melamed
- Abraham Melamed - former member of the Knesset of the Left national monk
- Douglas Melamed - one of the fathers of the law and the economy
- Fred Melamed - actor
- Guy Melamed - Israeli football player
- Leo Melamed - American business man
- Rabbi Meïr Melamed - Financial of the king Ferdinand and the queen Isabelle of Spain in the house Abarbanel, constrained with conversion into 1492.
- S. Mr. Melamed - author of Yiddish Training course
- Vince Melamed - American musician
- Rabbi Zalman Baruch Melamed - figure of the Israeli religious Zionism, Rosh yeshiva of Bethel
; Variations
- Bruce Malmuth - actor and American realizer
- Mason Malmuth - player of American Poker
- Bernard Malamud - writer, author of many Jewish stories, of which The Natural .
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