The sultan Mehmet II the Conqueror or Mehmed II Fatih (in Turkish: Fatih Sultan Mehmet Han - fatih, of Arabic فَاتِح fātiḥ, conqueror; victorious) (in Arab: مُحَمَّدالفَاتِح muhammad Al-fātiḥ) was the 9th sultan of the Ottoman Empire. It was wire of Murad II. It would have been born the March 29th 1432 with Edirne from Huma Hatun or on April 1st 1430 with Edirne de Hatice Alime (or Halime) Sultana, or in 1429 of Olivera, youngest of the girls of the despotic of Serbia Stefan Lazarević (1374 - 1427).
It is the Prise of Constantinople in 1453 which was worth its nickname of “Conqueror to him”. He reigned twice (between 1444 and 1446 then between 1451 and 1481); in the interval it is his/her father Murad II who took again the capacity. It was a vigorous man, and a frightening military chief.
It was curious about literature and of the fine arts, wrote poems and composed of the songs, it was interested in philosophy and sciences, with astronomy in particular. It made come to Constantinople Italian artists, Gentile Bellini made of him a famous portrait. He had learned several languages, of which the Latin and the Greek . All in all, he was a sovereign of the Renaissance.
He is assassinated the May 3rd 1481 with Gebze. His/her son Bayezid succeeded to him.
He had seven wives, a girl and four wire: Mustafa, Bayezid, Cem (or Jem/Djem) and Korkut.
History
By conquering the emirate of Karaman in May and June 1451 and by renewing the peace treaties with Venice in September and the Hungary in November of the same year, Mehmed showed its qualities of strategist as soldier and diplomat.
The head office of Constantinople
At the beginning of its reign, Mehmed II concentrated on the project to make of Constantinople the capital of its country. It was aware that to have Constantinople would be a source of richnesses and that thus it would have the control of the trade towards the Black Sea in a direction and towards the Mediterranean in the other direction. When it announced its project, the majority of the Divan and in particular Large the Vizier, the Sultan criticized because it over-estimated his capacities.Two of the best engineers of the time manufactured new gigantic guns which were going to play a big role in the catch of the city.
In 1452, Mehmed made build on European bank a fortress opposite that which Bayezid Ier had built on Asian bank. This castle was called fortress of Roumélie (Rumeli Hisari) while that of Bayezid Ier was called fortress of Anatolia (Anadolu Hisari). During these preparations, it renewed the peace treaties signed with the Serbia and the Valachie and signed a new peace treaty with Hungary.
On its side, the Byzantine Empire prepared by accumulating reserves of food for a long seat. The Emperor Constantin XI Paleologist was anxious by learning construction from the fortress of Roumélie near the city. He wanted to ask the assistance of the pope. This last put like condition at this help the unification of the two Churches orthodoxe Catholique and . But the competitions between the religious men led the emperor to give up any hope of a new crusade to come to him in aide.
Once the finished preparations, Mehmed sent a message to the Byzantine Emperor inviting it to go. The Emperor Constantin XI rejected this ultimatum. In April 1453, Mehmed besieged the city, destroying all with the surroundings and locking up the population in its walls.
April 19th two turns on wheels were built to be able to cross the legendary walls of the city. The battle became bloody and Mehmed realized that as long as its navy did not enter concerned, the city could continue to be constant by the Venetian ships and génois. It was necessary to find a means of penetrating in the Corne of Gold but this one was well defended at its entry by a system of chains. He then imagined to draw the boats with ground on European bank and to make them enter by the end of the Gold Horn (April 22nd, 1453). The Othoman navy was thus in the middle of the city and it could bombard its walls from the interior.
On Tuesday, May 29 1453, the final attack was launched. Several successive waves were pushed back but the regiments Turkish managed at the end of a few hours to penetrate in the city. The first soldier who managed to do it is Hassan d' Ulubat. Of Constantin XI, one found only the imperial badges; the emperor, says one, had finally thrown itself in the battle with his paroxysm. At midday, at the end of a heroic fight on both sides, the capital was taken. The Roman Empire of the East, an old State 1125 years had collapsed. Mehmet II authorized the plundering of the city during three days, like the tradition wants it, and finally entered downtown the Friday the 1st er June 1453. It carried out the prayer of midday in the Holy-Sophie Basilica, which marked its transformation into mosque.
Constantinople became the capital of the Ottoman Empire. The first decree of the sultan after the catch of the " Rome" news; was to return to all the survivors the freedom of faith and trade. It authorized the election of a new patriarch to the head of the orthodoxe Greek Church and it founded an apostolic Armenian patriarchate in 1461. It east was done called Kayser-i Rum : the Roman Emperor.
In 1462, it made build the Palais of Topkapi.
The conquest of Balkans
Mehed II appendix what remains vassal despotat of Serbia after the fall of the fortress of Smederovo in 1459. The kingdom of Bosnia is incorporated in the Empire after the death of king Stefan Lazarevitch in 1463.The conquest of the populated Albanian territories appears more difficult. Georges Kastriote federates other lords of wars and pushes back the Othoman armies twice, in 1466 and 1467. He receives from the Pie pope the II title of " defender of Christendom in Balkans". After its death enn1468, its partisans manage to contain the Othoman armies until 1480.
The liquidation of the vestiges of the Byzantine Empire
In 1460, Mehmed II fact the conquest of the despotat of Morée where the two brothers of Constantin XI, Démétrios and Thomas reign. Démétrios is submitted quickly to the sultan who gives him an important sum and some islands of Égée in prerogative. On his side, Thomas flees with his three children, André, Manuel and Zoe in Corfou then with Raguse (Dubrovnik) where the authorities, fearing the Othoman reprisals, refuse to accommodate it. He gains finally Rome where he is accommodated by the pope Pie II: until its death in 1465, he is regarded as the heir to the Paleologists.
War in Anatolia
In 1461, Mehmed II turns to Anatolia. It beat the bey de Candaroglu with Sinop. It took the Arménie controlled up to that point by Uzun Hassan and the Empire of Trébizonde in August 1461.
In 1464, Ibrahim the bey of Karaman died, and its succession was disputed. Two brothers were opposed. One, Ishak had obtained the support of Uzun Hassan sultan of the Akkoyunlu (clan of the “White Sheep”), the other, Pir Ahmed accepted the support of Mehmed. Pir Ahmed made the error to seek an arrangement with the Venetian ones, Mehmed considered that it was a treason. It left to shift and conquered Konya and Karaman. Pir Ahmed took refuge at Akkoyunlu. The Othoman army and the army of Akkoyunlu clashed close to Oktukbeli on August 11th 1473. The Othoman army, best equipped with the time, crushed its adversaries. The sultanate of Akkoyunlu disappeared.
Conquest of the Crimea
The objective of Mehmed II was then to control the basin of the Black Sea and to remove Venetian supremacy and génoise on the area. In 1475, it conquered the colonies génoises the Crimea, installing the Ottoman Empire in the north of the Black Sea by making some a Turkish lake. That gave him the control of the traffic of slaves and the road of the soie.
Having taken the control of trade route, Mehmed II made build new docks and a fleet to be able to compete with Venice and Genoa in the maritime trade.
Last conquests
In 1477, it moves on the east coast of the Adriatique there to take some islands with the Vénitiens and to obtain a peace treaty with Venice in 1480. One of its Vizier S took foot in Italy and conquered Otranto (Otranto).
Mehmed died in May 1481, poisoned by its doctor deprived at the instigation of the pope Sixte IV, whereas it prepared a forwarding on Italy. It had at the head the idea to conquer Rome and to restore with its profit the Roman Empire. The place of its death is today called Sultan Çayırı (grass of the Sultan) and is on Asian bank of Istanbul.
Fight of being able after its death
Following its death, its two Bayezıd sons (called Bajazet by Europeans), the elder one, and Djem (called Zizim ) dispute the capacity. Demolishes twice, Djem puts itself under the protection of the Hospitaliers of Midsummer's Day of Jerusalem at Rhodos. It is received by the large Master Pierre d' Aubusson the July 30th 1482. Treated with respect but as an hostage, it is led, under the guard of Guy de Blanchefort, become large Master of the Language of Auvergne since 1476, initially in the Comté of Nice, then in the Dauphiné, and finally with Bourganeuf in the Creuse, seat of the large priory of Auvergne. He will remain there in captivity of 1486 with 1488 in the tower built with his intention, which still bears its francized name “. ”
Piles Moslem (it carried out the pilgrimage of Mecque and refused the requests for conversion by the pope), fine well-read man, Turkish translator of an epopee Persian, poet at his hours, his stay in France gave place to many legends. One lends to him in Sassenage (Dauphine) and in the Walk of the incredible love affairs, just as one believed to have to allot to him, with George Sand and others, the clothes industry of the tapestries known as of “ the Lady with the unicorn ” now preserved at the museum of the Moyen-âge (old abbey of Cluny, Paris).
Djem will leave Bourganeuf the November 10th 1488 to be given to the pope Innocent VIII. It arrived at Rome the March 13rd 1489 and will have as a residence the castle Saint-Angel. In 1494, the pope Alexandre VI Borgia will be constrained to give it to the King de France Charles VIII, entered in Italy and which considers, since the Royaume of Naples, a “Croisade” in Greece, possession of the Ottoman Empire. Djem will die in 1495 with Capoue, under conditions ever elucidated. It was probably poisoned at the request of his brother who agreed to pay a Pharaonic sum. Its mortal remains will be brought back in Turkey to be buried near his/her parents.
External bonds
- Othoman Web site
----
Simple: Mehmed II
| Random links: | Price of the General governor 1975 | Walid Khalidi | Caesar Cardini | Post Paid | Equip with Russia of American football |