measuring and targeting (energy M&C) is a technique of Energy efficiency which draws its sources from the axiom of Gestion which says that “you cannot manage what you cannot measure”. The techniques of M&C provide a Rétroaction to the managers of energy on the practices of operation and give an outline of the consumption of energy awaited for one period donnée.
To determine the relation between energy consumption and some indicating key of performance ( Production, Temperature, etc) grants a certain number of advantages to the managers of company:

• To identify and explain a rise or a fall of energy consumption
• To draw tendencies of energy consumption (weekly, seasonal, operational…)
• To determine a future energy use during the planning of modifications to the company
• To diagnose the zones of energy wasting
• To observe the last reactions of the company with certain changes
• Develop targets of performance for control programs energy
• To manage their energy consumption, rather than to accept it as a cost fixes on which they do not have any contrôle.
  

The ultimate goal of the M&C is to reduce the energy costs by the means of a effectiveness and an improved energy management. Other advantages generally include/understand an increased effectiveness of the resources, a better control of the budget of production and a reduction of the emissions of GES.

History

The M&C is an established technique which proved reliable. Initially a national plan in Great Britain in 1980, the technique was spread in Europe and its reputation extends today gradually in Amérique.

Objectives and advantages

A certain number of advantages were met in a systematic way in the various projects established since 1980:

• Economy of the costs of energy: varying in general between 5% and 15% of the total invoice of energy
• Reduction of the emissions of GES: less low consumption of energy helps to reduce the emissions
• Financement: to measure your energy reductions makes it possible to obtain Subventions for projects of Energy efficiency
• Plus great facility to determine the cost price of the products and services: under-measuring makes it possible to divide the energy bill according to the various processes of an industry, and thus to make use of it to calculate the production costs
• improved Budget: the techniques of M&C help to envisage the energy expenditure in the event of modifications with the company, for example
• Réduction of the wasting: helps to identify any wasting of energy in the processes

Technique

Basic principles

The techniques of measuring and targeting rest on three basic principles, which form a continuous cycle of Rétroaction, making it possible to improve control of the use of energy.

Measuring

Measuring is the regular collection of information on the use of energy, in order to establish a base for energy management and to explain the variations compared to the established model. The original intention is to maintain the model in question by providing all the data necessary relating to energy consumption and certain key variables, as identified during the preliminary investigation (Production, weather, etc).

Targeting

The targeting consists in defining the level of desirable energy consumption according to the direction. The targets are established starting from knowledge acquired beforehand during the stage of measuring as well as intimate knowledge of the company. They are objectives to be reached: consequently, they must represent a challenge, while remaining atteignables.

Report

The last principle is that one even which allows a continuous assessment of the use of energy, attack of the targets and checking of the economies: reports/ratios must be produced for the direction. This allows then the decision making and of concrete actions in order to achieve the laid down goals, just as the confirmation or the invalidation of the attack of the objectives.

Procedures

Before establishing measurements of M&C themselves, some preparatory stages are necessary. Initially, it is necessary to identify the principal consumers of energy on the site. In general, most of consumption on a site is carried out by a small number of process, like the Chauffage or certain parts of equipment. This generally requires a detailed study of the building in order to be able to estimate the level of energy consumption of different the processus.
It is also necessary to determine which other measurements will have to be taken in order to analyze consumption correctly. These data will be comparison with energy consumption: in fact the factors influence consumption, generally the Production (for processes of industry) or the external Température (for processes of heating), but that can still include a whole variety of others facteurs.
Once all the variables were established and that the meters necessary were installed, it is possible to begin the procedures of M&C.

1.Mesurer

The first stage consists with to compile the data of the various meters. This is generally done by data processing, although it is possible to do it manually, with a restricted number of meters. The frequency to which the data are compiled varies according to the precision wished, but can go from once per day to once every 15 minutes. Certain measurements are raised directly of the meter, others must be calculated. They are called sometimes “channels”.

to 2.Définir the base line

The compiled data are then deferred on a graphic in order to determine the general base line of consumption. One draws a graph in Group of dots, representing the rates of consumption according to one of the other beforehand identified variables, and one identifies the best possible line. This graph illustrates the average energy performance of the building, and one can tap of it much information:

• the segment on the y axis indicates minimal consumption in the absence of the other variable (no Production, zero degree-days]…). It is the basic load of the system, minimal consumption when it does not function. *La [[slope (mathematics)|slope]] represents the relation between consumption and the beforehand identified variable. This illustrates the effectiveness of the process. *La dispersion of the points on the graph illustrates the degree of variability of consumption with factors opérationnels.
  [[The slope (mathematics)|slope]] is not used very often in M&C. A segment raised on the y axis, on the other hand, can mean that there is a defect in the system which makes him consume too much energy even without output, unless the process has certain particular characteristics which involve a high basic load. Very dispersed points, for their part, can illustrate that other significant factors that initially measured influence the variation of energy consumption, but can also show a lack of control on the process. ==== 3.Contrôler the variations ==== The next stage consists to measure and supervise the differences between awaited consumption and measured real consumption. One of the tools most usually used is the CUSUM, (chart with cumulated sum). This consists in initially calculating the difference between the real and expected performances (the beforehand identified base line and points themselves).
  The CUSUM can then be represented graphically according to time, which provides new information to the specialists in [[energy efficiency]]. Differences nearly zero generally mean that the process operates normally. Marked variations, an increase or a constant reduction reflects a modification under the conditions of the procédé.
  In the case of graph CUSUM, it [[slope (mathematics)|slope]] becomes very important, since it constitutes the principal indicator of the made savings. One [[slope (mathematics)|slope]] which decreases regularly indicates constant economies. Any variation on [[the slope (mathematics)|slope]] indicates a modification of the process. For example, in the graph opposite, the first section does not indicate any economy. However, in September (beginning of the yellow line), a measurement of [[energy efficiency]] must be established, since one starts to see economies. The green line indicates an increase in the economies (since it [[slope (mathematics)|slope]] becomes steeper), while the red line must reflect a modification in the process during November, since the economies have diminué.
  slightly ==== 4.Identifier the ==== causes The specialists in [[energy efficiency]], in collaboration with the managers of building, decipher graph CUSUM in order to identify the causes of the various variations of consumption. These causes can be a modification in the behaviors, the process, of the different external conditions, etc These modifications must be supervised attentively and the causes must be identified in order to promote and improve the good behaviors, while discouraging the bad behaviors. ==== to 5.Établir targets ==== Once the base line is established, it is time to establish targets for the future. With all information that we now have in hand, the targets will be more realistic since they are founded on the real consumption of the édifice.
  The targeting consists of two distinct parts: the measurement to which one wishes to reduce consumption and the time granted to carry out this réduction.
  A good initial target is the base line identified at stage 2. This line represents the historical average performance. In fact, to manage to maintain any consumption under or equal to the historical average is a realizable target, but remains a challenge since it implies the elimination of the high summits of consommation.
  Certain companies, when they improving their energy consumption, can even decide to try to bring back their average consumption to their best historical performance. This constitutes a target much more ambitious. ==== 6.Surveiller the ==== results This brings back for us at stage 1: to measure consumption. One of the characteristics of the M&C is that these is a continuous process, which requires one [[feedback]] constant in order to improve the performance unceasingly. Once the targets are established and that measurements are established, all the procedure is started again since the beginning in order to ensure that the direction is with the current of the success or the failure of various measurements, and in order to be able to decide future actions. == external Liens == * [http://www.ener21.com ENER21 Measuring and energy targeting in North America] [[Category: Energy]] [[Category: Management]] [[in: Energy monitoring and targeting

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