Matter

The matter is the substance which composes any body having a tangible reality. Its three most common states are the solid state, the liquid state, the gas state. It occupies of the space and the quantity of matter is measured using the Masse (when it is a question of counting matter particles, one uses the Mole). Thus, in Physique, all that has a mass is matter. However, the ordinary matter which surrounds us is made of Baryon S, therefore in the common language, when one speaks about matter, one speaks about baryon matter . This definition thus excludes the fundamental bosons, which transport the four fundamental forces, although they have a mass and/or an energy.

States of the matter

The matter can be found in several states or phases . The three most known states are solid, Liquide and gas. There also exists of other states a little more exotic, such as plasma, liquid crystal, Condensat of Bump-Einstein and Superfluide. When the matter passes from one state to the other, it carries out a Transition from phase. This phenomenon is studied in Thermodynamique via the diagrams of phase. The Transition from phase occurs when certain characteristics of the matter change: Pressure, Temperature, Volume, Density, energy, etc

Physical matter in of the particles

The matter at the fundamental level consists of Quark S and of Lepton S. the quarks combine to form Hadron S, mainly of the Baryon S and Méson S via the strong Nuclear force, and are always supposed confined thus. Among let us baryons are the Proton (whose electric Charge is positive) and the Neutron (of null charge electric), which them combine to form the atomic nuclei of all the chemical elements of the periodic Tableau. Normally, these cores are surrounded by a cloud of electron S (of electric charge negative and opposed exactly to that of the proton). The unit formed by a core and a cloud which includes/understands as many negative electrons than of positive protons present in the core is a Atome. It is electrically neutral, if not, it is a Ion. The atoms can be arranged between them to form larger structures and more complexes, such as the Molécule S. the Chimie is the Science which studies how combine the various cores and electrons to form elements and Molécule S.

Each matter particle is associated with one (anti) particle of Antimatière (e.g. electron - Positron). A particle of antimatter is distinguished from its partner by the fact that its various loads (electric charge, Charge of color) are opposite. However such particles have the same mass. Although the fundamental laws of physics do not indicate a preference for the matter compared to the antimatter, the cosmological observations indicate that the Univers is almost exclusively made up of matter

Matter and relativity

Work of Albert Einstein in restricted Relativité bequeathed us famous the formula E = mc ² , where E is the energy at rest of a system, m is its Masse and C is the Speed of light in the Vide. That thus implies that the mass is equivalent to energy and vice versa. Thus for example when several particles combine to form atoms, the total mass of the assembly is smaller than the sum of the masses of the components because in fact part of the mass of the components is converted into binding energy, necessary to ensure the cohesion of the unit. One calls this phenomenon the Défaut of mass. This same physicist established the bond between the curve of the Espace-temps and the matter/energy thanks to the general Theory of relativity: the matter curves the Espace-temps and the Espace-temps known as with the matter how to move. Thus, in General relativity, the matter and the energy are gathered under the same banner and a way of measuring the Quantité of it is to observe the curve of the Espace-temps which contains them.

See too

• Antimatière
• Matière sinks
• Organic matter
• degenerated Matière
• Matérialisme (philosophy)
• State of the matter
• Quantité of matter
• condensed Matière
• undulatory Structure of the matter
• Matériau