Masochism

The masochism is the search of the Plaisir in the received Souffrance others or for oneself.

The term was forged starting from the name of the Austrian writer Leopold von Sacher-Masoch, by the doctor Richard von Kraft-Ebing. It is Sigmund Freud which studied most deeply the intra-psychic mechanisms of them, the masochism being seen like a sadism turned over on oneself in the first theory then like an internal derivation of the Death instinct in the second topic.

Forms of masochism

This article treats masochism as a psychic masochism, aiming at mental anguish or physical. The article sexual Masochisme treats only sexual attraction, or, according to the psychiatric approach, Paraphilie.

Even if the masochism can exist independently of the sexual activities, it is most frequently associated there. Moreover, certain people appreciate the suffering because it gets multiplied by ten feelings to them.

There exists in addition of other types of masochism:

  • a social masochism , more or less correlated, relating to the Failure-neurosis.
  • a physical masochism , which one finds in expressions such as: “To go until the end of its suffering”, “To go beyond exhaustion”…

With the individual Psychology of the Sense of inferiority of Alfred Adler, the masochism could be also the realization of this sense of inferiority in the human phenomenon of the " predictions which are carried they-mêmes" out; , whose biomedical example is in the Effet placebo. Then, the subject court of failure in failure to confirm its faith in its incapacity or its inferiority.

With the mimetic Desire, Rene Girard introduces the model-obstacle from another point of view of the masochism. The model-obstacle: like the triangle oedipien of Freud, the mimetic desire of Girard is triangular. It is the desire coded and mediatized by the Other. The desire " according to Autre" can be acknowledged or dissimulated. The model can be imaginary or real, it can transcend, in a world of inaccessible values where is agitated feverishly and vainly the disciple or on the contrary to be to him this " alter ego" including one " rien" separates, this nothing being the " tout" desire in the lack of differentiation of the imitation. The distance which separates the disciple from his model is the criterion to distinguish two kinds of mediation. When the imitation is asserted like such or that the distance is insuperable, it is a " mediation externe".

Since the mediator approaches or that the imitation becomes less " bouffonne" or more " réaliste" , a competition settles and develops between the " disciple" and the " modèle". The wishing subject does not see any more its mediator like " modèle" , but like an obstacle with the realization of its desire and the " modèle" sees in its " disciple" a rival. In the " mediation intern" , the Other, of model, became obstacle. Inverting the chronological order and logic of the desire, the wishing subject believes to compete for an object that it wished spontaneously and starts to hate that which bars the access of them to him or disputes to him. It is about a " hatred impuissante" , because not only it coexists with admiration, but it reinforces it and in is inseparable. A " better would be included/understood; envy haineuse" if one does not leave the object of the competition.

The starting point and the point of result should be the rival who is also and at the same time the model mediator.

Between the three tops of the triangle girardien, the bonds are tightened, the oscillations increase in amplitude and frequency. The mediatized being which can only recognize underground the superiority of the model-obstacle, the Other is rival because it is model and model because it is rival. More the distance decreases between the subject which wishes and the Other, more the differences are reduced, more hatred intensifies. The concept freudien of ambivalence, attraction and aversion at the same time and at the same time, adequately meets the feelings of veneration for the model which doubles hatred for the obstacle. With the mimetic desire, Rene Girard faces Marx on the ground of the scarcity and Freud on the ground of the desire with the mimesis .

It is the convergence of the desires which creates the object of the desire at Freud and the scarcity at Marx.

Rene Girard thus claims to make the economy of the repression and thus this deus ex machina which for him unconscious the freudien is. The wishing subject, or rather - since it there forever one desire, the same one for all the men in the postulate of the mimetic desire - the desire, refuses to admit the reciprocity but all its strategies to avoid it always make it fall down in the identical one.

" One can also make the economy of the repetition freudienne symptômes" , known as Rene Girard ( Of the things hidden since the foundation of the world , Grasset, Paris, 1972, pp. 350-352). Some refreshing lines on the analysis of the masochism:

"The desire questions, acquires a knowledge on itself and puts this knowledge at the service of its objectives, for example, it sees its models well being transformed into obstacles, but instead of interpreting this transformation in the logic of the imitation, it obeys its own logic, it clings to its differential project and transforms itself the obstacles into models. Such is the secrecy of the masochist who makes inevitable result, certainly, but unacceptable, of its desires passed, the prerequisite of any desire futur".

With the mimetic desire, Rene Girard faces Marx on the ground of the value and Freud on that of the desire. Political economy interprets a great number of conflicts in the light of this mimetic desire in violence and crowned. Psychology brings back the individual suffering to the chronological and logical error of the model becoming rival and the rival taken as model, in circular logic in car-amplification of the " runaway".

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