Marie de Gournay
Marie de Gournay (born Marie the Gander ) (born the October 6th 1565 with Paris - died the July 13rd 1645 with Paris) was a French Woman of letters of, and was the “girl of alliance” of Michel de Montaigne, of which it published in 1595 the third edition of the Essais , increased of all the handwritten corrections of the philosopher.
It is thanks to the feminist movements end of the 20th century that this remarkable woman, feminist before the hour, left her role of “girl of alliance” of Montaigne to be finally recognized like woman of letters, philologist, translator, poetess and philosopher with whole share.
The childhood of Marie
Marie the Gander is born with Paris the October 6th 1565.His/her father, Guillaume the Gander, buys a castle and a seigniory with Gournay-on-Swallow before dying in 1578. Marie is only 13 years old and is the elder one of 6 enfants.
His/her mother, Jeanne de Hacqueville, decide to establish her family with Gournay in 1586. Worrying little about the intellectual provisions of her daughter, she educates Marie while following the “female code” of the nobility of the time. Marie does not seem to be satisfied some. She learns the Latin and the Greek by comparing the original texts with their translation.
Marie and Montaigne
It is towards the 18 years age that she discovers the first edition of the “ Essais ” of Michel de Montaigne which it “transport (transsissoient) admiration” says she. She any more but does not dream to meet this homme.Five years later, in 1588, at the time of a voyage to Paris with his/her mother, it forwards in Montaigne a ticket informing him of its burning desire to see it. They even meet the following day. It has 23 years and him 55. In the months which follow, Montaigne made some stays one week to the castle of Gournay. It is with the court of a walk that she would have told him the history published in 1584 under the title: The Promenade of Mr. de Montaigne who treats love in the work of Plutarque. It delivers to him in chapter XVII of book II of the “Tests” the title of “girl of alliance”. Marie did not on any more the occasion to re-examine it after this meeting, but it corresponds regularly with him. His/her mother dies in 1591.
Marie settles in Paris, leaving the castle to her Charles brother. Montaigne dies in 1592. She learns her death later only 15 month. Francoise de Montaigne, the widow of the philosopher, forwarded to him an annotated copy of the Tests of 1588 and requested it to take care of their publication. It was put at work and left the first posthumous edition the “Tests”, with a long foreword in which it defended the ideas of Montaigne. It remained then fifteen months with Montaigne, near Madam de Montaigne and of her daughter Léonor, her “sister of alliance”.
Its life, its work
It encounters serious financial problems, her brother, Charles, is obliged to sell the family properties, in particular Gournay in 1608. She lives in Paris and is interested in the political questions and social. She attends Henri Louis Habert de Montmor. Right Lipse, celebrates scholar, presents it to all Europe like a woman well-read woman. But, at that time, it is very difficult for a woman to take advantage of her right “to think”. She works to build a network of guards by offering her feather to the Queen Marguerite, Henri IV, Marie de Médicis, Louis XIII, the marchioness of Guercheville, the ministers Villeroy and Jeannin, Richelieu… She thus obtains the privilege to be able to publish its own works. Richelieu offers a modest pension royale.to him She is unceasingly calumniated, personally and for her œuvre.
She lives and thinks in féministe.
In 1622, it publishes Égalité between the men and in 1626 the women and Grief of the Ladies where it preaches the absolute equality between the sexes, neither misogyny, nor phylogénie.
It is unmarried and only provides for its besoins.
It is catholic, hostile with the Protestants but côtoie of the libertines like Theophilus de Viau, Gabriel Naudé, François Mothe Vayer - to which it will bequeath its library that it had inherited Montaigne (which itself had annotated it and inherited Boëtie).
It makes also translations of Salluste, Ovide, Virgile, Tacite, worms on its cats, Léonore and Jeanne d' Arc, critical the “Précieuses”, adapts Ronsard, written on the instruction of Princes.
It carries out a remarkable work on the Essais of Montaigne by translating the Latin quotations, specifying the references, annotating and cleaning the mots.
She dies in Paris the July 13rd 1645 at the 79 years age and is buried with the Saint-Eustace church.
Publications
- before 1588: a sonnet and an ode in the “funeral Regrets on the death of Aymée”. In Works of Pierre de Brach (the Tomb of Aymée)
- 1594: Proumenoir of Mister de Montaigne
- 1595: Preface on the Tests of Michel, lord of Montaigne, in the Tests of Michel Seigneur of Montaigne
- 1595: homage in prose to Jean de Sponde, in Response of Fire Sieur de Sponde…
- 1598: Preface on the Tests of Michel, lord of Montaigne, in the Tests of Michel Seigneur of Montaigne
- 1608: Welcome of Monseigneur the duke of Anjou
- 1610: Good-bye of the Heart of Roy de France and Navarre Henry the Large one, with the Defense of the Fathers Jesuits
- 1619: Versions of some parts of Virgile, Tacit, Salluste, with the Institution of Monseigneur, single brother of Roy (also one includes/understands “traicté on Poësie”).
- 1620 : Eschantillons de Virgile
- 1620: two poems in the Muses in mourning
- 1621: Translations. Part of Quatriesme of Eneide, with a speech of Tacit, and one of Saluste
- 1622: Equality of the Men and the Women
- 1624: Thanks, in Roy
- 1626: The shade of Damoiselle de Gournay - work made up of mixtures - the man is the shade of a dream & its work is its shade which includes/understands:
- 1628: three poems, in Collection of several inscriptions suggested to fill the Tables with waiting estans under the statues of Roy Charles VII and the Maid of Orleans…
- 1634: Advis, or they Presens of the Young lady of Gournay (adds with the Shade: Speech on this book with Sophrosine, Speech of Roy with S. Louys during the head office of Rhé, First delivery of Casal, the temerity and the translation of the Life delivers of Énéide).
- 1635 : a poem, in the Sacrifice of the Muses
- 1635: a poem, in the royal Parnassus
- 1641: republication of Advis
- 1642: two epigrams, in the Garden of the Muses
- 1644: an epigram, in the Approval of the Parnassus which precedes the Ankles by Me Adam Menuisier of Nevers
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