Marhashi

The Marhashi (other forms Warahshe , Barahshe , or Purushum ) is an old kingdom of the Iranian Plate. It developed between 2500 and 1900 a.v. J. - C. approximately. Its history is known to us by the relations which it maintained with its neighbor the kingdom of Élam and the States mésopotamiens contemporary, in particular Empires of Akkad and Ur III. Marhashi was formerly located in the Western Zagros, but it was shown that it was in fact more in the east, between Élam and the valley of the Indus (Meluhha in the texts mésopotamiens), in contact with the civilization of Harappa and of the cultures of the Persian Gulf like that of Dilmun (Bahrain). The exact localization of this area remains discussed: is this the area of Jiroft, where new archeological sites has just been put at the day, or more in north, around the archeological site of Shahdad, or further towards the east, with the same site as the Gédrosie of the hellenistic time?

History

The first certificate of Marhashi is made in a text of Lugalannemundu, king of the sumérienne city of Adab towards 2500, which faces its king Migir-Enlil. The apogee of this kingdom arrives more tardily, at the time of the Empire of Akkad, whose sovereigns often fight a coalition of Iranian kingdoms, taken along by the kings élamites of Awan and those of Marhashi, which seem traditional allies. Sargon d' Akkad is the first to overcome them towards the end of XXIVè century. Rimush and Naram-Sin makes in the same way at the next century. Marhashi is also mentioned for its commercial relations with the kingdoms mésopotamiens, to which it provides in particular stones of value (steatite, chlorite, Agathe, cornaline, lapis lazuli) and animals (ewe, bear, dogs, monkeys, elephants, zebus).

After the fall of the kingdom of Akkad towards 2193, a new Empire mésopotamien emerges towards the end of XXIIè century from the town of Ur, and its sovereigns try in their turn to extend their influence in direction of the Iranian Plate, and they also run up them against a coaltion formed by Marhashi and other Iranian kingdoms (Simashki, Anshan, Zabshali). Shoulgi Marie her daughter with king de Marhashi Libanukshabash to secure its alliance. But it is a waste of time and effort, because its successor Amar-Sin must with nouevau fight this kingdom, directed by a new sovereign, Arwilukpi. After the fall of the Empire of Ur about 2004, the kingdom of Marhashi is not any more in the political scene of the kingdoms mésopotamiens, which concentrate less on the Iranian Plate, dominated by Élam. It thus diparaît little by little texts mésopotamiens, and its history is consequently inaccessible for us. Its fall probably occurs about 1800-1700, when several Iranian cultures disappear at the same time as their large neighbor, the Civilization of Indus.

Sovereigns of Marhashi

Migir-Enlil (contemporary of Lugalannemundu of Adab)
Abalgamash (of Rimush of Akkad)
Hubshumkipi (of Naram-Sin d' Akkad)
Libanukshabash , and its sukkal (“minister”, “vizier”) Hashibatal (contemporary of Shoulgi of Ur)
Arwilukpi , and its sukkal Pariashum (contemporary of Amar-Sin of Ur)
Mashhundahli (contemporary of Ibbi-Sin of Ur)

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