Manual Juan of Rosas
Juan Manuel Jose Domingo Ortiz de Rozas López de Osornio (born with Buenos Aires, on March 30th 1793 - deceased with Swathling, close to Southampton, Hampshire on March 14th 1877) was a soldier and Argentinian politician there, governor of the province of Buenos Aires.
In 1829, after having beaten the general Juan Lavalle, it managed to control the province of Buenos Aires. It subjected indigenous tribes to the south of the territory, and arrived even until the Magellan Strait. During 24 years he exerted an absolute power and succeeds in being incontestably the principal leader of Argentinian Confederation of 1835 with 1852.
Biography
Known as Juan Manuel of Rosas (its original name is Ortiz de Rozas, coming from a noble chalk-lining of the Principauté of Asturies, but he preferred to name " of Rosas"), it entered at the eight years age to the private college which certain Francisco Javier Argerich directed. As of its young age, it showed a great attraction for the rural activities. It stopped its studies to enlist in the company of the juniors by the regiment of Migueletes, which took part in the defense of the capital vis-a-vis the British invasions of 1806 - 1807.
, Withdrawn later in the countryside, it became large a estanciero of the Pampa of Buenos Aires, remainder far away from the revolutionary events of 1810. In its estancia on the lagoon of Goes up, it organized a personal army, " Los colorados of Monte" , to fight the Indians. In 1813, it married Encarnación Ezcurra and shortly after it left with his parents the fields which it managed to create its agricultural own companies (breeding) and commercial. It accumulated a great fortune as stockbreeder and exporter of meat bovine, far from the initial confrontations which were going to bring the end of Viceroyalty of Río of Plata and the emancipation vis-a-vis the Spanish empire in 1816.
Until 1820 it dealt with its private affairs. Since this year until the battle of Caseros, in 1852, it devoted its life to the political activity, leader - with the center of the government or in outside the province of Buenos Aires, which included/understood not only the productive territory richest of the incipient Argentine, but also the most population by far, the most important metropolis (the town of Buenos Aires) and the port which concentrated the foreign trade of the remaining provinces, as well as the control of the customs. It is because of this disproportion of the resources that the institutional conflicts and the civil wars of the developed mainly XIXe century in Argentina.
After the defeat of Caseros, Rosas was exiled with the the United Kingdom, in a house of the surroundings of Southampton. It died there on March 14th, 1877, accompanied by his Manuelita daughter. Its remainders were repatriated in Argentina in 1989 and currently rest in the family vault of a cemetery of Buenos Aires.
Its beginnings in policy
In 1820 finished the stage of the Supreme Directoire of the Plain Provinces of Río of Plata with the resignation of Jose Rondeau, following the battle of Cepeda. It is at that time that Rosas started to be implied in the policy by supporting his/her colleague Martín Rodríguez for the post of Governor. He formed also part of the negotiations which led to the pact of Venegas, which put an end to the conflict between the provinces of Santa Fe and Buenos Aires, and he was responsible for the delivery with Estanislao López, caudillo of Santa Fe, of 30.000 heads of cattle like repair for the damage caused by the troops of Buenos Aires on his territory.In 1827, in the preceding context the beginning of the civil war, Rosas was above all a military leader, representing preserving aristocracy. He was aligned on the federalistic current, opposed to the foreign influence and the liberal initiatives recommended by the unit tendency, in which Juan Lavalle militated, governor of Buenos Aires.
Bernardino Rivadavia, during its transitory passage to the presidency of the Nation (1826 - 1827) appointed it Commander Général of the Countryside, with the head of the most important army of the Plain Provinces of Río of Plata, key circumstance in the crisis of succession opened by the fall of Rivadavia and, later on by the execution of Manuel Dorrego by Juan Lavalle.
The joint forces of Rosas and Estanislao López demolished Lavalle with the battle of Puente de Márquez, delivered the April 26th 1829. The June 24th, they obliged this last to sign the pact of Cañuelas, modified by afterwards in Barracas, the August 24th of this year. The immediate consequence was the election of Juan Jose Viamonte as Gouverneur of Buenos Aires, opening the road with Rosas.
First government
The Legislature of Buenos Aires proclaimed Juan Manuel of Rosas, Gouverneur of Buenos Aires the December 8th 1829, with in more the title of Restaurador of mow Leyes E Instituciones of Provincia of Buenos Aires (or Restaurateur of the Laws and Institutions of the Province of Buenos Aires ) and in the same act granted extraordinary capacities to him.In August 1830, the general Jose María Paz integrated several provinces of the interior in the Unit League and a few months later, in January 1831, Rosas and Estanislao López created the Federal Pacte between Buenos Aires, Santa Fe and Between Ríos. This pact, which will be one of the preexistent pacts mentioned in the Constitution of the Argentinian Nation of 1853, had like objective to apply a brake at the expansion of the unitarianism incarnated by the Paz general, who will fall the May 10th this year.
With the defeat of Gregorio Aráoz de Lamadrid, fallen the November 4th with the hands from Facundo Quiroga to San Miguel de Tucumán, unitarianism was finally demolishes with the interior of the country and the remaining provinces adhered to the Federal Pact: Mendoza, Corrientes, Córdoba, Santiago del Estero and Rioja in 1831; in 1832: Tucumán, San Juan, San Luis, Salta and Catamarca.
However, supremacy thus acquired was not associated in an unconditional support of all the population. On the contrary, Rosas had to face a hard resistance during the course of its government. One allotted later to the caudillo Juan Manuel of Rosas and his partisans of the brutal and sanguinary characteristics.
The interregnum
In 1832 Rosas was elected governor of the province of Buenos Aires, but the room of the representatives refused the granting of extraordinary capacities to him. Under these conditions, it renonça with the load the December 17th and promoted the election of Juan Ramón Balcarce. During this time, until 1833, it decided to organize and direct l'" forwarding of the désert" : a campaign against the natives of the south of Argentina, with an aim of ensuring of new grounds for the exploitation of the cattle. It left there victorious, so that one often quotes this countryside like important antecedent of the Conquête of the Desert of the general-president Roca at the end of the XIXe century.
In the absence of Rosas, his wife Encarnación Ezcurra assumed an important political role, in permanent communication with him. She was of mêche with the better known Sociedad Popular Restauradora under the name of " Mazorca " , which terrorized its adversaries unitarists, conspired against the successive governments of Balcarce, Juan Jose Viamonte and Manuel Vicente Maza.
During this period, Facundo Quiroga resided at Buenos Aires under the protection of Rosas and had to travel to regulate a conflict which has occurred between Salta and Tucumán. It was victim of a ambush during the way and was assassinated in Barranca Yaco (province of Córdoba) by one named Santos Pérez, a killer with the pay of Estanislao López.
This death caused the resignation of the Maza governor. The climate of violence helped with the return of Rosas to the government, which he assumed the April 13rd 1835, date where all the public authorities were granted to him, i.e. the representation and the exercise of the three capacities of state. The Room of the Representatives had already indicated Rosas for this load as of the previous year, but he had refused as much as he would not have received the totality of the public authority without need for giving an account of his exercise.
Second government
The Room of the Representatives named Juan Manuel of Rosas for one current five-year period of 1835 with 1840, conferring all the public authority finally to him. The Restaurador required that one carry out a plebiscite, which gave 9.713 votes for and 7 against. It should be stressed that in this time there Argentina was populated very little and that women, the young people and the seniors did not have right to vote.One did not hold any note of the citizens who had not gone to the ballot boxes. I must say it by respect of historical truth, never there was not government such a popular, and desired, nor better supported by the opinion… (Domingo F. Sarmiento: Civilización there Cruelty. Emptied of Juan Facundo Quiroga . Santiago de Chile, 1845).
One thus granted to him the totality of the public authority with the promise of:
- To preserve, defend and protect the Roman Apostolic Catholic religion.
- To support the national cause of the Federation.
- the exercise of the totality of the capacity would last " all the time that the Governor will estimate it nécessaire".
The government of Rosas was supported by the humblest population, the land big landowners (estancieros), and, in spite of the expulsion of the Jesuits of Argentina, by the Catholic church, which definitely seldom missed an good occasion to be misled. The opponents recruited themselves among the unitarists, and also a good part of the intellectuals of the time. It is also necessary to include the provincial caudillos which resisted its authority and which nimbly were demolished and replaced.
The wide area network of espionage of Rosas, as well as the interventions of its police force secret, succeeded in maintaining under control the expressions of dissatisfaction. In 1842, the Rosas Restorer autoproclama " tyran" , which gave him whole domination on all the territory of the Confederation. In 1843 it intervened in the civil war in Uruguay (Great War), waking up suspicions of a possible expansionism Argentinian.
The law of the customs
The governor of the province of Corrientes, Pedro Shoed, emitted an energetic complaint at Rosas claiming of protectionist measurements to help them the products of local origin, whose production worsened being given the policy of free trade of Buenos Aires.
December 18th 1835, Rosas sanctioned the Ley de Aduanas (law of the customs) in answer to this complaint. This law prohibited to import certain products and established customs duties for other cases. These measurements gave a good impulse to the internal market and the production of the interior of the country. However, Buenos Aires continued to be the principal city, and the port continued beings in its hands, as well as the decision of free navigation on the rivers.
The generation of 1837
In 1837 appeared in Buenos Aires a group of young people, among whom were Esteban Echeverría, Juan Bautista Alberdi and Vicente Fidel López, which were identified with the political community which had carried out the fights of 1810 until the unit organization of the country in 1824. They adhered to the ideas European romanticism and liberal democracy.
This group obtained a certain influence thanks to two institutions: the Literary Living room (closed shortly after on order of Rosas) and " Joven Argentina" (Young Argentina), secret society founded by Echeverría in 1838.
They tried to be an alternative to the federalists as with the unitarists to exceed this problem. They recommended a mixed national organization, and as well their ideas as their actions had a great influence in the posterior constitutional process with the fall of Rosas.
French blockade
In March 1838, after Rosas put in prison several shown French citizens of espionage, a conflict started with France, whose fleet started a blockade of the wearing of Buenos Aires. France claimed moreover an agreement similar to that which existed with the the United Kingdom and the exemption of its citizens of the military service. The blockade lasted two years, deteriorating the foreign trade and causing a resumption of the civil war. Lavalle, with the support of France and of forces unitarists exiled in Uruguay, invades the provinces of Between Ríos and Santa Fe. However it did not accept the awaited popular support and had to flee with its troops in the north of the country, events which resulted in its death.
In October 1840 was signed the treaty of Mackau-Arana by which France raised the blockade and the Confederation amnestied and compensated the French, and granted the same rights as to the British to them.
Franco-British blockade
The government of Rosas had prohibited navigation on the interior rivers in order to reinforce the customs of Buenos Aires, single point by which one traded with outside. For a long time the the United Kingdom had claimed free navigation on the rivers Paraná and Uruguay.
Following this argument, the November 20th 1845 the British and French fleets blocked the wearing of Buenos Aires and advanced on Paraná. After a beginning of intense combat with the level of the " Vuelta de Obligado" , the blockade is established and will perdura until in 1847 for the United Kingdom and 1848 for France.
The November 24th 1849 this conflict ended definitively in signature of the Arana-Southern treaty, which recognized navigation on Río Paraná like " an inland navigation of the Confederation Argentinian and prone only to its laws and payments, just as that of Río Uruguay in common with the State Oriental" .
End of the mode
Every year Rosas renonçait to assume the foreign relations of the provinces, which was intended periodically to ratify the capacity of the governor of Buenos Aires. In 1851, Justo Jose de Urquiza, governor of Between Ríos, decided to reassume the control of the foreign relations of its province. This pronunciamiento among Ríos started an armed conflict. This was related to the problem of navigation on the interior rivers: in the case among Ríos, province surrounded by the Paraná rivers and Uruguay, the required passage by the customs of Buenos Aires to trade with outside constituted an economic problem of scale. Urquiza, having thus affirmed the sovereignty of its province, signs various treaties with the government Uruguay in (then besieged in Montevideo by the forces of Buenos Aires), the province of Corrientes, and the Brésil, with an aim of joining together an army in order to release Montevideo and cause the fall of Rosas. This Large army is joined together in 1851, crosses the river Paraná in December 1851 and faces the army of Rosas the February 3rd 1852 at the time of the Bataille of Caseros. The Large army is victorious and puts Rosas in rout.
After the defeat, Rosas wrote and signed its resignation in the " Hueco of los sauces" (literally Hollow of the willows ).
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I believe to have filled my duty with my compatriots and companions. If we did not make more for the support of our independence, our identity and our honor, it is because more we could not - on February 3rd, 1852 - Rosas.
The escape and the exile
He the very same day asked asylum English legation at 5 p.m. The evening, accompanied by his daughter Manuelita (Manuela Rosas), it embarked on the frigate of war " Centaur" , ordered by the admiral Henderson. February 9th it went up on board " Conflict" , which travelled towards the United Kingdom the next day. It had carried very little money and left enormous properties behind him.
The father and the girl who started to taste with the misfortune of the exile arrived at Southampton on April 23rd, where they placed with the hotel. Following a humble petition near the authorities for being able to reside in this country, enemy it there with little, the British government he answered with large and surprising courtesy in these exact terms:
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I have the honor to express with Your Excellence the satisfaction with which the government of Its Majesty learned the happy arrival from Your Excellence in this country and to inform it that it does not need authorization of the Queen, nor of the government of Its Majesty to rent a house in unspecified part of British Isles. Your excellence can be established where he wants and food in perfect safety under the protection of the English laws .
Thanks to the comprehension of Urquiza its winner, it could repatriate a little money of Buenos Aires. But soon all its goods were confiscated. He rented a farm of 148 acres (60 hectares), the " Burguess Farm" , in Swathling, close to Southampton, and it started to work the English ground during a quarter century, as it had done in the Pampa. It lived there in a great poverty. He died the March 14th 1877.
Judgment of the history
Argentinian official historiography, under the impulse of Domingo F. Sarmiento inter alia, a long time diabolisé the image of this caudillo authoritative and incontestably out of the commun run, which had had the audacity of autoproclamer tyrant. But was it more tyrannical than Ferdinand VII of Spain or Nicolas Ier of Russia (Nicolas the Cudgel)? One can doubt it, more especially as it did not restore the enquiry like the first, nor forced serfdom to the small people of Argentina like the second évertua to do it. One described his mode like a police dictatorship and it undeniable is compared with the modes of freedoms and rights which we currently enjoy in occident. But was its mode crueler than that of the the United Kingdom which, at the same time, left hundreds of Irish thousands deliberately die of hunger and disease, delighted that they were to see thus disappearing this population even scorned hedge? One reproached him for fighting the Indians to steal their grounds to them. But what made the authorities étatsuniennes throughout this XIXe century, if is not to despoil and Génocide R systematically their Indians? Moreover, there was officially no Esclavage under Rosas in Argentina, whereas it flowered in the United States and in the French West Indies, without forgetting the British and even Danish colonies. George Washington was him even slave licensed.
Rosas was before all the product of its time, of its social class (an aristocrat large estanciero), severe Spanish colonization and relentless which he had known in his youth and which was still very close. The humanistic liberals like Manual Belgrano and Jose de San Martin, educated with the principles of the human rights in Europe were still quite rare in Argentina of the time. And considering all the duration of the history of the Argentinian Republic since the Revolution of May in 1810, one must admit that many generations were necessary so that finally sees itself exorcized the spectrum of cruel dictatorships. One can more reproach Rosas only with others for having restricted freedom of thought that undoubtedly it hardly included/understood.
It is also important to stress that Rosas was a large unifier of its country, a man of order and a large patriot who opposed firmly carried out to the imperialists of Europeans of the time who dreamed to again adapt the richnesses of his country. It is the positive aspect of the character there, and what justified the support of a man like Jose de San Martin.
And this aspect was included/understood seems it by the authorities responsible for its country which finally made repatriate its skin in 1989, and even printed the ticket of 20 pesos to its effigy.
Let us note that currently the historical school known as of the Argentinian historical Révisionnisme tries to rehabilitate it completely.
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