Mannheim - SpeedyLook encyclopedia

Geography

Situation

Mannheim is in the center of the Région the Rhine-Neckar ( Rhein-Neckar-Dreieck ), an area of strong population density gathering 2,35 million inhabitants, divided on Mannheim and Heidelberg in the Bade-Wurtemberg, the South-east of the the Rhineland-Palatinat with in particular the town of Ludwigshafen and the south of the state of Hesse.

The town of Stuttgart (capital of the state of Bade-Wurtemberg) is located at 95 km in the South of Mannheim, and Frankfurt on the Hand (in the state of Hesse) is located at 70 km in the North of Mannheim.

On the plates number of the vehicles of Mannheim, one can read the letters MY in the cartouche indicating the city.

Hydrography

The city is located on the confluence between the the Rhine and the Neckar. It extends on Right Bank from the Rhine, on both sides of Neckar.

During the 19th century, the Rhine was diverted in order to eliminate a meander from it and to facilitate navigation there. Consequently, the Confluent with Neckar was moved and there remains an old arm of the Rhine in the North of the confluence, the Old man-Rhine ( Der Alte-Rhein ), which is today the industrial port of Mannheim.

Common neighbors

Common close relations of Mannheim:

Climate

The hottest month is July, with an average temperature of 19,9 °C, January is the coldest month, with 1,8 °C of average. The temperatures exceeding 30°C are current in summer. The highest temperature was recorded the August 8th 2003: 39,0 °C. The same day, the Deutscher Wetterdienst, the weather service of the the Federal Republic of Germany, recorded a temperature of 40,1 °C with Mannheim-Seckenheim. The area receives annual Précipitation S averages of 688 mm; it is in July that they are most important. Because of presence of the two rivers, the city knows frequent Brouillard in Automne. The Rhine and Neckar are besides the cause of a Hygrométrie which exceeds the average of the area.

Mannheim is one of the hottest cities of Germany.

History

Formerly capital of the Palatinat, Mannheim constitutes the economic center today and Culture L of the area. The city forever been able to join again completely with its cultural prosperity of the 17th century, but she knew the invention of the first Bicyclette S , of the Automobile and agricultural machinery like the Tracteur.

At the origin

The village Mannenheim (= Heim of Manno in German) was mentioned for the first time in the Lorscher codex in 766. Remained for a long time a whole Fishing small village of S, Mannheim passed in 1284 under the possession of the Palatinat, controlled by the house of the Wittelsbach. However, Neckarau exists since 368; the castle Alta Ripa there is found (Altrip). The village of Hermsheim is mentioned for the first time in 771 in the Lorscher Codex . In 1212, the Empereur Frederic II makes gift of Neckarau to the évèque of Worms. Of 1294 with 1365, the confluence of the Neckar and the Rhine was modified, this is why the village of Hermsheim joined Neckarau.

In 1496 the current district ( Ortsteil ) of Neckarau was integrated into the Arrondissement ( Oberamt ) of Heidelberg. In 1577, Neckarau counted 101 hearths. In 1566, Mannheim counted among most important Village S of the district of Heidelberg, with 700 inhabitants approximately, including 130 chiefs of hearth subjected to the taxes.

Neckarau was destroyed in 1689. In 1817, the village counted 1 253 inhabitants. The Industrie developed there in second half of the 19th century. In 1899, Neckarau was the village more populated Bade, it was then attached to Mannheim.

Appearance of a city

The March 17th 1606, the Prince-voter Frederic IV of Palatinat posed the first stone of the Château of Frederic ( Friedrichsburg ) then entrusted to the architect Dutch Bartel Janson the widening of the city. The January 24th 1607, Mannheim received the privileges of city ( Stadtprivilegien ). The preliminary draft of a network of perpendicular streets for the city and the fortress was preserved until today, from where the nickname of the city: " Die Quadratestadt " ( the squared city ). During the War Thirty Year old (1618 - 1648), during which Mannheim at the side of the Protestant Union, the city fought was destroyed in 1622 by the troops of Johann you Serclaes von Tilly. In consequences of the war and epidemic S, Mannheim undergoes a serious decrease of its population, leading to approximately 1 200 inhabitants in 1618. In 1652, Charles Ier Louis of Palatinat put in hiring wide privileges of city in order to support the recontruction of the city following the war. However, during the War of the league of Augsburg (or War Last nine Year old ), the city was taken in 1688 by Vauban and again destroyed by the French troops in 1689. In 1692, the colony of Neu-Mannheim was built on Right Bank of the Neckar, but it was mainly destroyed by a Incendie in 1697. The Prince-voter Jean-Guillaume de Neubourg-Wittelsbach required the rebuilding of the city. In 1698, it again extended the privileges in order to make return the inhabitants who were flee and to accommodate new inhabitants. In 1709, the fortress Friedrichsburg and the unified town of Mannheim one.

Political and cultural rise of the city

In 1720, the prince-voter Charle III Philippe of Palatinat transferred its court and its administration from Heidelberg in Mannheim and launched the construction of the Château of Mannheim, which was completed at the same time as the church Jesuit in 1760. Mannheim becomes then the capital of the Palatinat, it counts 25 000 inhabitants, it is the one short period beginning of splendor. The court of Palatinat made the promotion of the Art, of the Musique, the Science S and the Commerce. Goethe, Schiller, Lessing and Mozart left a trace of their art in Mannheim.

The school of Mannheim, founded towards 1750 by the Johann Stamitz, developed in a particularly effective way the Classical music. The school of orchestra ( Orchesterschule ) became, after those of Vienna and the Fils of Bach, one of more innovating, for the transitional period of the music between the Baroque music and the Musique of the traditional period.

Mozart came in 1777 to Mannheim, where it spent one year. Christian Cannabich, director of the orchestra of Mannheim, then celebrates, bound friendship with Mozart. The efforts for the creation of a German opera appeared very profitable for Mozart.

At that time, of the famous buildings made their appearance, like the store of the N1 sector, on the Paradeplatz . The first stone of the church Jesuit, larger church baroque of the higher Rhine, was posed. The church was completed in 1960. In 1763, the Prince-voter Charles Theodore of Bavaria founded in 1775 the Academy of Science of Palatinat and the Deutsche Gesellschaft ( the German company French ). In 1774, Christian Mayer settled in the Observatoire of Mannheim ( Mannheimer Sternwarte ). Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Friedrich Schiller, Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing and Christoph Martin Wieland left a trace of their art in Mannheim.

The loss of the political role

In 1778, to be able to take possession of its heritage Bavarois, Charles Theodore of Bavaria had to transfer its residence to Munich. The direction of the National theater of Mannheim was entrusted to Wolfgang Heribert von Dalberg. The prince-voter submitted the property of the theater at the court of Mannhim, n the other hand of his departure. That caused an economic and cultural decline for Mannheim. Between 1790 and 1794, the Neckar was rectified.

Occupied again by the French in 1795, then reconquered by the Austrian troops and partially destroyed by means of weapons of Artillery, Mannheim lost in 1803 its political role: following the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss , Palatinat was dissolves and Mannheim fell under control from the Bade, of which it accepted the statute of frontier city ( Grenzstadt ) because of its situation all in the North-West of Bade. The city consisted of a state independent within the state of Bade . In 1817, Karl Drais tested its Draisienne, one of the first bicycles , on the way connecting the castle and the district of Rheinau, in order to replace with this machine the horses died of hunger. In 1819, according to a Political mottf , the democrat of the group Burschenschaft Karl Ludwig Sand assassinated the writer reactionary and statesman in Russia, August von Kotzebue. This event started measurements of repression and behaviors anti-liberals and anti-nationalists in the German Confédération, ( Karlsbader Beschlüsse ).

A new economic advancement

Grace to the increase in the economic influence of the Middle-class, Mannheim knew a new boom. The wearing of Mannheim was open in 1828. The first line of Railroad, between Mannheim and Heidelberg was open in 1840. the Railroad of Bade was built initially with some 1600 mm broad ways, from where the later rebuilding of the railways with the standard in force in Germany.

Mannheim was the epicentre of the revolutionary movements during the Révolution of Mars ( Märzrevolution ) of 1848. The February 27th 1848 was held the first popular assembly dans the Bade. Town of Mannheim came from the moderated liberal , like Friedrich Daniel Bassermann, Karl Mathy and Alexander von Soiron, of the center like Lorenz Brentano, but also of the radical - democratic like Karl Blind, Friedrich Hecker or Gustav Wilhelm Ludwig Struve. After the repression of the Revolution of Bade ( Badische Revolution ), in 1849, many revolutionists were carried out by decision of the martial Cour, of which Valentine Streuber, Karl Höfer and Wilhelm Adolph von Trützschler. In 1863, the commune of Ladenburg was annexed to the District of Mannheim .

In 1865, Friedrich Engelhorn founds the company BASF ( Badische Anilin- & Soda-Fabrik , i.e., in French: Factory of Aniline and Natron of the Bade ), which was transferred thereafter to Ludwigshafen, on other bank of the the Rhine. At the beginning manufactures dyes, BASF became the largest firm of Chimie in the world. In 1868, the Convention of Mannheim ( die Mannheimer Akte , or, according to the official terms Revidierte Rheinschifffahrtsakte vom 17. Oktober 1868 ) was adopted; still today, this convention defines the regulation of the circulation of the boats on the the Rhine. Precursor of the electric Tram, a horse-drawn tram was open in 1878. In 1880, Werner von Siemens presented the electric first Ascenceur . In 1886, Carl Benz made Brevet er its travelling machine provided with a Thermal engine, ( Fahrzeug put Gasmotorenbetrieb ) and carried out the first demonstration the July 3rd. The August 5th 1888, his wife Bertha Benz buckled with its two sons the first long way in car, until Pforzheim. In 1895, the town of Sandhofen bought the island of Friesenheim and undertook the constrction of the industrial port. The annexation of Käfertal made it possible to attach to the commune of Mannheim the industrial park of Waldhof. The city counted 100 then; 000 inhabitants. Other annexations of common neighbors to that of Mannheim took place thereafter: that of Neckaraus in 1899, those of Feudenheim and Sandhofen in 1910, then that of Rheinau-Gebiet in 1913. At the conclusion of these annexations, the surface of common increased almost 350 pourcents. At this period, one spoke about American growth ( amerikanische Wachstum ). The first electric section of Tramway was brought into service in 1900.

In 1907, the city celebrates its 300ième birthday, the art gallery ( Kunsthalle ) was open this year. The Grand duke Frederic Ier de Bade inaugurated the industrial port of Mannheim. Important companies s' installed; Mannheim tended to becoming the most important industrial town and commercial of the South-west of the Germany.

After the First World War

After the First World War, following the French occupation of left bank of the the Rhine, Mannheim became a frontier city. In 1921, the company Heinrich Lanz AG presented the first Tracteur, celebrates it Bulldog , which introduced a revolution by the mechanization of the Agriculture. In 1922, the large powerplant of Mannheim was brought into service. In 1924, the communes of the old district of Schwetzingen were attached to the District of Mannheim. In 1925, the art gallery, then directed by Gustav Hartlaub the exposure Neue Sachlichkeit presented, which gave its name to a significant artistic movement of the Années 1920. In 1928, Hermann Heimerich was the social democrat first elected mayor ( Oberbürgermeister ) of Mannheim. The process of annexation of common was completed in 1930, with the integration of the communes of Seckenheim and Friedrichsfeld.

Between 1867 and 1930, Mannheim and its city sister Ludwigshafen, resulting from the development of a Head of bridge of Mannheim on left bank of the Rhine: Mannheimer Rheinschanze , passed from 42 000 with 385 000 inhabitants.

Mannheim under the Third Reich

After the legislative elections of 1933 ( Reichstagswahl ), already impregnated of terror and during which the national-Socialists did not obtain the majority, with 35,5% of the votes, Mannheim is subjected to the process of the Gleichschaltung . In 1936, the district ( Landkreis ) of Mannheim was created starting from the District of Mannheim and the District of Weinheim. In 1936, the town of Mannheim leaves arrondissment, to become a city-district, while remaining the seat of the Arrondissement of Mannheim.

Wednesday March 28th 1945 took place the telephone first Capitulation of the history.

Rebuilding at our days

Culture

Museums

The town of Mannheim comprises museums with topics:

The art gallery of Mannheim ( Kunsthalle Mannheim ) was founded in 1907, for the 300ième jubilee of the city. The collection of the museum consists primarily of Peinture S German and French of the 19th century and 20th century (in particular dead natural of this period), as well as the international sculpture of the 20th century. Are added to that a collection of Gravure S, a graphic collection, Affiche S, Photographie and vidéos installations…

The Museum of the Technique and Work ( Landesmuseum für Technick und Arbeit ), open in 1990, proposes a description of the Industrialization German South-west. The museum comprises installations describing the energy supply (electricity and Chauffage) of the area, mentioning the company MVV and the research center on the atomic energy of Karlsruhe. One finds also the account of the installation of the area for the Train and the River transport. It in this museum that at summer is exposed for the first time in Europe, in 1997, work Körperwelten of Gunther von Hagens.

The museums of the group Reiss-Engelhorn-Museen go up with 1763, with the foundation of the Academy of Science of the Prince-Voter. They are today distributed in several buildings through the city and are joined together in only one organization:

the Museum of Archeology and the cultures of the world (D5 sector),
the Museum of history of art, the city and the theater,
the house of Schiller,
Institute of history of art and the culture,
the center of Archéométrie,
Zephyr (in the C4 sector), a space of exposure for contemporary photography.

Each year, the event Die Lange Nacht der Museen (in French the long night of the museums ), organized in a common way between Mannheim, Ludwigshafen and Heidelberg, is the second most important demonstration bringing into play museums after that of Berlin.

The theater

Mannheim is known like a Theaterstadt (town of theater): the National theater of Mannheim ( Nationaltheater Mannheim ) was created in 1779, which makes of it the oldest municipal scene of Germany. In 1782, the first representation of the part the Brigands ( Die Räuber ) of Friedrich von Schiller took place in this theater. Today, the theater is organized around four specialities. (to be supplemented) .

To this theater are added other small scenes like Oststadt-Theater , TIG7 ( Theater im Quadrat G7 ), Theater Oliv , Freilichtbühne , Theater31 , Theater ImPuls , Mannheimer Puppenspiele and Kleinkunstbühne Klapsmühl' .

Inventions and discovered made in Mannheim

In 1817, Karl Drais there invented and used the first two wheels, a Vélocipède baptized Draisienne in its honor.
In 1885, Carl Benz there invented and led the first Automobile, a tricycle equipped with a Combustion engine intern reaching the speed of 12 km/h.

Music: the School of Mannheim

The École of Mannheim ( Mannheimer Schule ) was founded in 1750 by Johann Stamitz and became thereafter a group of music of the course of the Prince-Voter of the Palatinat. It became later a school of type-setters of music.

The two wire of the founder, Carl and Anton, were at the same time its pupils and its successors. The school of Mannheim still counted, among its members, Anton Fils, Ignaz Holzbauer, Franz Xavier Richter and Johann Christian Cannabich.

In addition, there exists a musical structure which bears the name of “ reason Mannheim ” which is found for example in the first measurements:

Of the quartet n°4 as a Semi minor COp 44 No 2 (M 276) of Mendelssohn in the first topic of the first movement.
Of the symphony n°40 in minor Ground (K 550) of Mozart in the first topic of the fourth movement.

Structure, topology and infrastructures of the city

The Castle of Mannheim

The castle of Mannheim was founded in 1606. The wing is castle shelters today the Université of Mannheim.

Mannheim: Quadratestadt

The historical center of Mannheim follows a diposition in squaring, like the Roman cities. This quadriallage was created at the request of the Prince-voter Frederic IV. The buildings are limited in height on 4 floors, so that the castle and the churches can dominate the city. Moreover, the city gathered on a disc, embraced by the wings of the castle illustrates the capacity of the prince on his subjects.

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