Invertebrates

The mandibles are oral Pièces some Arthropodes. The arthropods having mandibles form under enbranchement: the Mandibulate S.

In fact the mandibles are if proéminantes in the males of the Lucane kite.

Vertebrate

The mandible is the arc Osseux or Cartilagineux which is articulated with the Crâne at the Gnathostomes. The animals without mandibles are known as Agnathes.

At the Reptile S, the mandible is made of five bones.

• the square Os
• the Os quadratojugal and Os Jugal
• the Articular
• the jawbone

Mammals

In the Mammalian evolution of the S, these bones, it remains nothing any more but the Os mandible: it mobile and is articulated with the Crâne by the articulation temporo-mandibulaire.

The four other bones were reduced in the face and were incorporated in the Oreille. In this reduced form, they are known like the hammer or malleus and the anvil or incus ; with oldest clamp or pillars , they are the ossicles. This adaptation is advantageous, not only because only one bone is more solid but also because the hammer and the anvil improve the Ouïe.

External bond

• mandibles of the marine planktonique Copepoda

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