Manchus

The Mandchous are people of Asia living mainly in Mandchourie. They constitute one of the fifty six Nationalités of China. The Jurchens took the name of Mandchous when they invaded China at the 17th century.

Demography

Their population exceeded the ten million people in 2000.

Culture

The Manchu language belongs to the Langues Manchu-toungousiennes, themselves members of the hypothetical group of the altaïques or turco-Mongolian Langues. It is thus possible that it has common origins with the Korean , the Mongolian and the Turkish Langues.

History

Origins

In the beginning, the Manchus named Jurchen (Chinese: 女真, Hanyu pinyin: naked zhen), also Jürchet , Djürchen , Djurchet , etc (it - T corresponds to one - D final, Mongolian form of plural). These people, one of the branches of the people Toungouses, were formed at the 11th century (first mention in 1069), reversed in 1115 - 1125 the Dynastie Liao, which reigned on the China of north and came from the people of the Khitan, also originating in Mandchourie, and founded in the place the Second dynasty Jin. Their language was also the old shape of mandchou.

The name of Mandchous was officially adopted by Nurhaci in 1635, but it was used at least since 1605. The son of Nurhaci, Huang Taiji prohibits even the use of the old name, the Jurchens . The original significance of the term is not established in an unquestionable way, but it seems that it is the old name Jianzhou of Jurchens. Another theory advances that the Manchus, like many other people toungouses, draw their name from the word toungouse mangou , meaning “large river”. Lastly, some estimate that the name of Manchus comes from the Bodhisattva Manjusri, whose Nurhaci said the reincarnation.

Until the 17th century, the Manchus are people of wandering stockbreeders, living of hunting and gathering, fishing, and beginning the breeding of the Porc and some tests of Agriculture.

Foundation of the dynasty of the posterior Jīn

From 1683, Nurhaci, after the death of his/her father Taksi, began its company of union of the various tribes Jurchen under its authority. In 1599, it reformed the Manchu writing by adopting a system derived from the Mongolian writing. In 1601, it undertook a reform of the organization socio-soldier of the Manchus by creating four Bannière S, each one symbolized by a different color: yellow, red, blue and the white. In 1615, it added four new banners, instituting the system of the definitively Eight banners. The following year, it founded the dynasty of Jin posterior (後金 Hòu Jīn) and took the title of Khan.

The Qing dynasty

During the Manchu conquest, they reversed the Dynastie Ming at the 17th century and founded the Dynastie Qing, which reigned on China lasting nearly three centuries.

The Manzhouguo

It was created in 1931 by the Japan, under the pretext of create a national State for the Manchus. That especially made it possible to extract Mandchourie from the Chinese domination, but no national feeling was created. Japan also benefitted from an home base for the conquest of China. Manzhouguo was removed at the end of the Second world war, and was integrated into communist China.

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