Lyndon Baines Johnson
See also: Johnson
Lyndon Baines Johnson , (1908 - 1973), is the thirty-sixth president the United States of America. He succeeds in 1963 John F. Kennedy assassinated in the course of mandate. He is re-elected for a second mandate until in 1969.
Known under its initial, LBJ , he is the president who had to manage the first part of the Guerre of Vietnam.
Biography
Youth
Lyndon Baines Johnson is born with Stonewall, Texas, the August 27th 1908. His/her parents, Samuel Johnson and Rebkah Baines have only one modest farm and can offer only the minimum to him. He attends the public school and obtains his diploma of end of secondary studies to the college of Johnson City in 1924.In 1927, Johnson is registered in “Southwest Texas State Teachers College” to become teaching. It obtains its diploma at the end of only 312 days, in spite of the fact that it takes part in the debates and the Politique of the Campus, that it publishes the Journal school and that it goes away during one year to teach.
Just after her diploma, Johnson teaches “the speech in public” and “the debate” in a college of Houston but it will resign quickly to launch out in the policy. The father of Johnson had been elected for five mandates at the Parliament of the Texas and was the friend of the senator Sam Rayburn, one of the rising figures of the policy texane. In 1931, Johnson makes countryside for Richard Mr. Kleberg and is rewarded by a station with the secretariat for the coldly elected senator.
As a parliamentary secretary, Lyndon B. Johnson binds with influential people, discovers how they arrived from there there and gains their respect thanks to his competences. It counts soon among his friends of the close relations of the president Franklin D. Roosevelt, but also of Texans like him, among which the vice-president John Nance Garner.
While he is secretary, Johnson meets Claudia Alta Taylor, which will be known under the name of “Bird Lady”, young woman she such an originating in Texas. They marry the November 17th 1934 after being attended for one short period. They have two girls, Lynda Bird, born in 1944 and Lucy Baines, born in 1947. One can notice that Johnson liked to give her initial to many things. The first names of his/her daughters are an example.
In 1935, Johnson becomes director of an government agency of the state of Texas in charge of youth. This station enables him to propose formations and employment with young people and thus to show the voters texans whom it has of the influence. There remains director during two years, then leaves its station to be presented to the Congrès. Johnson is known to be a very demanding owner with her employees, asking them for many overtime; however it does of it as much, if not more, itself.
Johnson receives its first patent of freemason the October 30th 1937. He realizes little time after its tasks with the Congress take too much time to him and he does not seek to rise in the hierarchy freemason.
Political career
In 1937, Johnson is presented to the Congress at the time of the bys-election of the 10e district of the Texas to represent Austin and the county close to Hill. It bases its countryside on the principle of the New Deal and is helped effectively by his wife, Lady Bird Johnson.
The president Franklin Delano Roosevelt watch an personal interest for the Texan young person as soon as it enters to the Congress. Johnson is affected at the Committee of the naval businesses, position of great importance for a young elected official. In 1941, Johnson is presented to the Senate in a by-election, against the outgoing governor of the Texas, W. Lee “Grandpa” O' Daniel. Johnson is beaten, but only after one recount of ballot papers in an election marked by massive frauds on both sides.
Johnson is briefly used for at the time of the Second world war as a lieutenant ordering (lieutenant commander) in the Marine and is decorated with the Silver Star (money star), of the medal of the countryside in the Pacifique South and of the medal of the Victoire. However, the circumstances during which it “would have gained” this reward are discussed and which the policy would have been one of the motivations.
In 1948, Lyndon B. Johnson is presented again to the Congress and, this time Ci, is elected. But it should be noticed that the results of this election also were very discussed. Although it gained the general election with a crushing majority, it had gained the primary election only by 87 votes on a million votes cast. A complaint is officially deposited, but Johnson engages Abe Fortas to represent it before the federal court. Thanks to legal operations, Fortas manages to stop the investigation. Once arrived at the Senate, it is affected at the Committee of the armed forces, and later, in 1950, it takes part in the creation of the Sub-committee of investigation on the setting in state of alert of the armed forces. Johnson becomes the director and directs about it several investigations into the costs and the effectiveness of American defense. These investigations are worth to him the national attention as well as the respect of its elder with the Senate.
After only a few last years with the Senate, Johnson climbs the levels of the capacity. In 1953, it is chosen by his/her democratic comrades to be the chief of the opposition. It becomes in the passing more the young graduate to be named at this station, all confused parties. In 1954, Johnson is re-elected with the Senate, and like the democrats gain the majority of the seats there, Johnson is named chief of the majority. Its work consists in preparing a legislative program and helping with the passage of the proposed measures by the democrats.
The success of Johnson to the Senate made of him a potential democratic candidate for the primary educations of presidential of 1956. It is the “wire preferred” of the Texas at the national convention of the party in 1956. In 1960, Lyndon B. Johnson obtains 409 votes at the time democratic convention, but it is John F. Kennedy, senator of the Massachusetts, which is elected after ballot. Later, the same year, Kennedy chooses Johnson like fellow candidate and candidate at the station of vice-president. In November 1960, the duet Kennedy/Johnson precedes little Richard Nixon and Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.
After his speech of nomination, Kennedy places Johnson at the head of the presidential Committee for the equal opportunity in work, which enables him to deal with the minorities. During its mandate of vice-president, it deals with some international missions, which gives him an outline of the problems encountered in foreign politics.
Johnson must face many problems on her arrival in the White House. It with the impression that the personnel in station and named by Kennedy remains to him attached and do not respect it. It quickly replaces them except for Bobby Kennedy which remains Ministre for the justice and which Johnson needs in spite of a reciprocal animosity. The first year of its Johnson mandate disputes with practically everyone, that goes from the senators to the writer of its speeches, which all want to preserve the memory of Kennedy and refuse to support his proposals. Johnson uses carrot and the stick to make pass her policy and in 1964 the Congress votes a law on the reduction of the taxes and the Law on the equal opportunity, within the framework of the Fight against Poverty.
With the elections of 1964, Johnson gains the presidency with 61% of the voices and the broadest advance, more than 15 million voice, history of the United States. However, this same year, it is noted that with the national Convention of the Democratic party, Johnson had supported the racist delegates of the Mississippi while refusing to make a place with those elected by a dissenting branch, the Democratic party of the Mississippi for freedom.
Johnson registers her policy of “Great Society” to the work program of the Congress in January 1965: helps with education, fights against the disease, Social security, urban renovation, embellishment, ecology, development of the neglected zones, fight with large scales against the Pauvreté, control and prevention of the Crime and the Délinquance, disappearance of the last obstacles to the Right to vote. The Congress votes the laws quickly corresponding to the recommendations of Johnson. Starting from 1965, million elderly profited from the amendment Medicare with the Law on the Social security. In 1966, it signs the law on the freedom of the information which makes it possible to the public to more easily reach the documents of the American Administration.
Under the influence of Johnson, the State-Plain explore the space of way spectacular within the framework of a program which it supported as of its beginnings. When three astronauts of the Programme Apollo make it tower of the the Moon in December 1968, Johnson congratulates them while saying: “You took us along to us… all, all around the world, in a new era… ”.
Nevertheless, two important crises become extensive starting from 1965. In spite of the new programs anti-poverty and anti-discrimination, disorders and riots in the black ghettos disorganize the country. President Johnson always was of all his weight against the segregation and for the order and the right, the supreme court made up members progressists allowed to make vote a law against the school segregation. The State of Arkansas refuses to apply this law. The federal army thus intervenes in Arkansas to apply the law in the schools.
The other crisis comes from the Vietnam. In spite of the efforts of Johnson to fight the Vietnamese Communists, the confrontations continue. The controversy on the war becomes critical as from March 1968, when it limits the bombardments of the Vietnam of north to start negotiations. At the same time, it astounds the world by announcing its intention not to be represented with the elections and to devote all its time to the research of peace.
Johnson constantly reinforces the effort of war between 1965 and 1968, which results in the death of thousands of American soldiers, and perhaps 60 times more Vietnamese soldiers (the estimates go from 500 000 with 4 000 000). At the same time, Johnson fears that the war does not divert the attention of its social program, this is why the military climbing, although significant, is not never sufficient to tip the scales on the military level. This approach is very badly seen by the Pentagone and the allies of the United States in the Vietnam of the south. The strategy of Johnson is perceived by certain as the cause of the defeat of the Americans in Vietnam. The presidency of Johnson is very quickly dominated by the war of Vietnam. Whereas more and more of American soldiers die to Vietnam, the approval rating of Johnson, particularly when he is confronted with the demonstrations coeds ( “He, He, LBJ, how much children you decrease did kill today? ” ) and after the Offensive of the Small fireclay cup, in 1968, where Vietcongs hustle the American army and take by storm the embassy from the United States in Saigon.
Secretary of State (Foreign Minister)
Vice-presidency
Presidency
Lyndon Johnson is invested as govern edge of Air Force One to Dallas with the airport of “Love Field” after the assassination of president Kennedy the November 22nd 1963. Since, thousands of books and the documentary ones brought elements supporting the assumption according to which Johnson would have belonged to the conspirators responsible for the murder for John F. Kennedy. At the time of the assassination, president Kennedy had informed confidants, among whom his private secretary with the White House, Evelyn Lincoln, that it could replace Johnson at the time of the electoral campaign of 1964. Johnson is indeed implied in step less than four criminal investigations. These four investigations were classified after the assassination, after Johnson had become president.
The war of Vietnam
Reprocess
The March 31st 1968, at the time of a speech retransmis on line on television, Johnson announces, with the general surprise, which he will not seek to obtain a second mandate. He also announces the dead halt and without condition of the raids in Vietnam and invites Ho Chi Minh to negotiate peace. The democrats give finally their nomination to his vice-president, Hubert Humphrey, which is beaten by Richard Nixon at the time of the elections of 1968. At the end of its mandate in 1969, Johnson is withdrawn in her ranch of Johnson City in Texas. It is there that he dies the January 22nd 1973 of the continuations of a Heart attack.
Principal members of his government
Composition of the Supreme court
Homages
The Control center of the manned space flights of Houston, Texas, was famous Space center LBJ in 1973.
See too
References
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